<p>Brotherhood Winery is located in Washingtonville, New York. With its first commercial vintage produced in 1839, it is commonly acknowledged to be the oldest operating winery in the United States. In 2000 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The winerys slogan is "Americas Oldest Winery".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brotherhood Winery was started by John Jaques, who deeded it in 1858 to his three sons, John Jr., Oren, and Charles, who later renamed it "Jaques Brothers Winery". In 1886, James M. Emerson and his son, Edward R., acquired the winery from Charles, the last surviving Jaques brother. The Emersons renamed the operation "Brotherhood" and expanded its facilities to include the single remaining original building on the winerys property, as well as adding large underground winemaking facilities. Edward wrote the book The Story of the Vine while in ownership of Brotherhood.</p><br>
<p>The winery remained in operation during Prohibition as it produced sacramental wine for the Catholic Church. New ownership came in 1921 with Louis Farrell and his son Louis Jr. The Farrells owned the winery until 1947, when both the father and son died in close succession. Control of the winery passed to three Farrell cousins. Francis Farrell was the cousin who ran the vineyard through the World War II era. An expansion included visitor tour facilities and recognition for award-winning wines in regional wine competitions.</p><br>
<p>The most recent change of ownership occurred in 1987 when Cesar Baeza purchased the winery. Baeza established vineyards on Long Island during the 1990s. The cabernet sauvignon and merlot planted there and produced into wine are standouts on their sales list.</p><br>
<h2>Wines</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the ownership of Cesar Baeza, the winery was known for its Vitis labrusca-based wines, with some seasoned with fresh herbs and spices based on 19th-century formulas. The spiced "holiday wine" has been a winery best seller for many years. The winery also produces specialty wines, including one flavored with ginseng and a May wine with sweet strawberry flavors. The winery also produces a version of wine similar to mead made from wildflower honey and an Ethiopian-style honey wine (Tej) named "Sheba Te&#39;j Honey Wine".</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the winery began producing wines made from French hybrid grapes, which the winery still sells. Under the ownership of Cesar Baeza the winery has begun creating wines from Vitis vinifera grapes. Wines include cabernet sauvignon, pinot noir, merlot, chardonnay, riesling and a white zinfandel.</p><br>
<p>The Southeast Steam Plant, formerly known as the Twin City Rapid Transit Company Steam Power Plant, is a combined heat and power plant on the Mississippi River in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States owned by the University of Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Minneapolis converted to buses in 1949&ndash;1954, and in the early 1950s, Northern States Power Company (now Xcel Energy) acquired the building. The University of Minnesota purchased the plant in 1976 for $1.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The facility heats 94 buildings (nearly all of the universitys Minneapolis campus), provides electricity to cool 19 of those buildings, and provides steam to the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minnesota State Board of Health and Cedar Riverside Peoples Center. Captured as the steam leaves the plant, pressure powers the plant and provides 20% of the universitys electricity. The plants steam is transported through an 18-mile (29 km) network of tunnels to the campus buildings and would be enough to heat 55,000 homes.</p><br>
<p>The plant is university building #059. The university&#39;s Energy Management department, part of Facilities Management, oversees the plant. Foster Wheeler Twin Cities was contracted with the U of M to operate it from 1992 to 2016, when Veolia North America took over.</p><br>
<p>Just upstream is the Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant operated by Xcel Energy. The university&#39;s Saint Paul, Minnesota campus three miles (5 km) away has its own plant. In addition the university has generators, pumps and boilers powered by diesel and natural gas, most used only in emergencies, with 11 used as peak shaving units.</p><br>
<h2>Rehabilitation</h2><br>
<p>Before pipes were reinsulated, employees needed breaks once an hour to work in the tunnels which reached 115 °F (46 °C). Insulation reduced the ambient temperature to 80 °F (27 °C), and the loss of energy from 10% to 4%, and over time resulted in a 25% campus-wide decrease in energy consumption.</p><br>
<p>The university closed the Southeast plant to gut and rebuild the interior, and in 2000, reopened it and closed down its old coal-burning power plant.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 2005, exterior rehabilitation won a local historic preservation award, presented to the university and Miller Dunwiddie Architects, McGough Construction, Hess Roise Historical Consultants, Michaud Cooley Erickson, INSPEC, Akiba Architects, and Kimley Horn.</p><br>
<h2>Boilers, fuel and emissions</h2><br>
<p>Among the "cleanest burning power plants in the country," the high temperature fires almost completely consume its fuels—natural gas, fuel oil, coal, and wood waste. The plant has tested and been approved for oat hull biofuel, a renewable resource that would reduce each student&#39;s fees by about $21.</p><br>
<p>Four boilers are operational. A fluidized bed boiler (CFB) is seven stories high and capable of burning fuel oil, coal, wood, oat hulls or natural gas. There are two natural gas boilers, and one pulverized coal boiler, that can also fire fuel oil. There is a spreader stoker coal boiler, also capable of burning fuel oil and possibly oat hulls that is decommissioned. During May and October, the periods of lowest demand, the CFB boiler is not in use.</p><br>
<p>The CFB controls emissions of the acid gases sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride and particulate matter (PM) with limestone injection and a fabric filter. The pulverized coal and spreader stoker boilers are equipped with dry gas scrubbers (spray dryers). Two boilers have no control equipment but have flue gas recirculation to limit nitrogen oxide emission. The plant emits almost zero sulfur and mercury.</p><br>
<p>The unloading terminal for rail cars and its conveyors are enclosed and equipped with baghouse filters. The outdoor coal bunker is shielded from the wind by concrete retaining walls. Storage silos for ash have fabric filters.</p><br>
<h2>Criticism</h2><br>
<p>Environmental groups including the Save Our Riverfront Coalition and Friends of the Mississippi Inc. attempted and failed to move the plant off the river in 1996. Elected officials Phyllis Kahn and Larry Pogemiller, Arne Carlson who was governor of Minnesota, and Sharon Sayles Belton who was mayor of Minneapolis supported the move. Concerned about potential emissions and noise from deliveries, some neighborhood associations and a condominium developer at the nearby Pillsbury "A" Mill criticized the plant&#39;s 2005 application to amend its permit to allow tests of alternative fuels.</p><br>
<h2>Biofuel</h2><br>
<p>The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency approved use of biomass fuels, specifically oat hulls in 2006 but the three years necessary for testing and the approval process lost the source of the hulls. General Mills, makers of the oat cereal Cheerios, had signed a contract by then with USA Steel for use in their facility on the Iron Range in northern Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Decatur House is a historic house museum at 748 Jackson Place in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It is named after its first owner and occupant, the naval officer Stephen Decatur Jr. Built in 1818, the house is located at the northwest corner of Lafayette Square, about a block from the White House.</p><br>
<p>In 1836, new owners built an outbuilding on the property at the back which was in part used for slave quarters. Until the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863, weekly auctions of enslaved black persons were held in the house&#39;s backyard, now a wedding venue. The building currently houses a museum, as well as the National Center for White House History, operated by the White House Historical Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Decatur House is one of the oldest surviving homes in Washington, D.C., and one of only three remaining houses in the country designed by neoclassical architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Completed in 1818 for naval hero Stephen Decatur and his wife, Susan, the Federal Style house is prominently located across Lafayette Square from the White House. It was successively home to Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren and Edward Livingston, who collectively made Decatur House the unofficial residence of the Secretary of State from 1827 to 1833, each renting the house while they served in that post.</p><br>
<p>In 1836 the wealthiest man in Washington D.C., John Gadsby and his wife Providence moved into the house and brought their house slaves. They built a two-story structure at the back to house the home&#39;s kitchen and serve as quarters for those Gadsby had enslaved, who previously lived in the main house. This structure is one of the few surviving examples of urban slave quarters. It is also one of the only surviving pieces of physical evidence that African Americans were once held "in bondage sight of the White House."</p><br>
<p>Following John Gadsby&#39;s death, the home was again rented to a series of prominent tenants. In order, these were Vice President George M. Dallas, publisher and former Mayor of Washington Joseph Gales, Congressmen and brothers John A. King and James G. King, Rep. William Appleton, Speaker of the House James Lawrence Orr and Sen. Judah Benjamin. During the Civil War it was used as Army offices and then sat empty for six years.</p><br>
<p>Decatur House was purchased in 1872 by Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a frontiersman and explorer who later became a rancher and diplomat. Beale&#39;s daughter-in-law, Marie, bequeathed Decatur House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 1956. The house was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Decatur House, now a museum, is located at 748 Jackson Place, N.W., on President&#39;s Park (Lafayette Park). The lower floor is kept in the style of the early 19th century while the upper floor was renovated in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Because of the centrality of its location, the status of its residents, and the fact that urban slaves worked there across from the White House, the house now contains much material interpreting African American history. Among the stories is that of Charlotte Dupuy, who in 1829 sued her master Henry Clay, then Secretary of State, for her freedom and that of her two children. While she lost her court case, Clay finally freed Dupuy and her daughter in 1840, and her son in 1844. A special exhibit on African American history through 1965 has recently been added to the museum and its website.</p><br>
<p>Mooresville Mill Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Mooresville, Iredell County, North Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History of the site</h2><br>
<p>The mill village was built by the Mooresville Cotton Mills in the early 20th century to house local workers. Like many mill villages of the south, Mooresville Mill Village was a self-sufficient village within the town limits of Mooresville. Between 1902 and 1930, over 400 homes were built to provide housing for the influx of workers coming to work at the cotton mill.</p><br>
<p>A variety of floor plans were built over the time of construction. The earliest homes, shown on the 1902 and 1908 Sanborn maps of Mooresville, were mainly 3-room, T-shaped houses with front and back porches. In 1916–17, the mill added 4- and 5-room houses. Architectural styles represented are American Craftsman and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>The village also provided boarding houses and services for its residents. A church, a school, a band hall, and stores all appear on the early Sanborn maps.</p><br>
<p>Aquone  is the home in Johnson City, Tennessee, where Tennessee jurist and historian Samuel Cole Williams lived in retirement. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Aquone was built in 1925. It is a -story brick structure in the Colonial Revival style. Leland Cardwell, a Johnson City architect, designed the house, modeling it after the design of an unidentified Colonial mansion built in Maryland in 1748. The house is on a 3.6 acre lot between Roan Street and USA Highway 11E, it is screened from those roads by trees and a terraced lawn. At the time of its construction, the site was north of the city limits of Johnson City.</p><br>
<p>The interior of Aquone is laid out according to the center hall plan, with an entrance hall, and stairway flanked by a large formal living room on one side and a large formal dining room on the other side. An unusual feature of the house is a one-and-one-half-story library that is said to have been modeled after Sir Walter Scott studied in his home at Abbotsford House. The living room and dining room both have fireplaces with Georgian-influenced mantels. The library fireplace also has a Georgian design.</p><br>
<p>The name "Aquone" is reported to be a Cherokee word for "resting place."</p><br>
<p>Redtop &ndash; also spelled Red Top &ndash; is a historic Shingle Style house located at 90 Somerset Street, Belmont, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with writer and literary critic William Dean Howells , a leading proponent of realism in literature. The Shingle Style house was designed by Howells brother-in-law William Rutherford Mead, and it served as the Howells residence from its construction in 1877 to 1882.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The summer house was designed by William Rutherford Mead, brother of Mrs. (Elinor Mead) Howells, and a partner in the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & Bigelow. The following year Stanford White joined the firm, and it was renamed McKim, Mead & White. The house was originally roofed with red-stained wood shingles, hence the name "Redtop". The family discarded other naming ideas including "Sub-Hub," "Monte Rose," "The Parlor Car," and "The Spindles." The owner of the new house was, in fact, Charles Fairchild (1838–1910), a Boston financier, who rented it to the Howellses. However, it was designed from the start for the Howellses taste, with Meads partner, Charles Follen McKim becoming more and more involved. Construction began in 1877, and the Howellses moved in on July 8, 1878. By 1885, the Howellses had moved to Beacon Hill in Boston, in part due to family illness, including that of Elinor Howells.</p><br>
<p>Howells experienced great literary success during his time at Redtop. By the end of the 1880s, he had published nine novels, a novella, several magazine articles, and a few plays. At Redtop, he worked in an elegant white-paneled study with a carved inglenook for naps. Here, he completed The Lady of The Aroostook (1879) and The Undiscovered Country (1880) and began writing A Woman&#39;s Reason (1883). He began The Rise of Silas Lapham in England, and completed it in 1885 while living at 302 Beacon Street in Boston.</p><br>
<p>Several other American authors visited Redtop during the period when the Howells family lived there. To judge from published letters, Mark Twain visited Redtop eight times. Other visitors included Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry James, and Charles Dudley Warner.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a large lot high atop Belmont Hill, looking out over Cambridge and Boston. It is built of brick and was originally clad in wood shingles in the Queen Anne style, with a large, sloping roof dominating the house as seen from the road beneath. The red roof that gave the house its nickname is now covered in gray shingles. The exterior walls were later stripped of their wood shingles and covered with stucco.</p><br>
<p>Novelist Henry James described the house as a "fairy abode of light and beauty" on its "cheerful, breezy hill... I never saw a house that took my fancy more captive at once by its tone of colour&mdash;as soon as I had entered the door; and every subsequent impression deepened the effect. All the details struck me as purely lovely, and when I looked from within outwards and over that incomparable landscape... I said to myself, Well, good fortune can no further go. Let silence muse the amount of it! "</p><br>
<p>Mead&#39;s architectural designs for Redtop are preserved in the Amherst College Archives.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Thorpe House is a historic house in Yale, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, Jim Thorpe bought a small home in Yale, Oklahoma and lived there until 1923 with his wife, Iva Miller, and children, one of whom, Jim Jr., died at the age of two. The house was bought by the Oklahoma Historical Society in 1968 and is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places in Payne County, Oklahoma. The house is maintained by the Jim Thorpe Memorial Foundation as a small museum to Thorpe and contains related memorabilia. In mid-2024, the Oklahoma Historical Society sold the home to the Thorpe family, and it continues as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District is an area of West Philadelphia listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It represented the transformation of Philadelphia&#39;s rural farmland into urban residential development, made possible by the streetcar, which provided easy access to Center City. This is an early example of the streetcar suburb.</p><br>
<p>Development had proceeded during the 19th century to about 43rd Street. The arrival of electrified streetcars in 1892 accelerated development to the west and southwest.</p><br>
<p>Noted Philadelphia church architect Isaac Pursell (1853-1910) designed the contributing Christ Memorial Church (1887) at 4233-4257 Chestnut Street.</p><br>
<p>The Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District is a Registered Historic District in the city of San Francisco, California, United States. It consists of Piers 1, 1½, 3 and 5, which form one of the largest surviving pier complexes along San Francisco&#39;s Embarcadero waterfront road. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>With construction spanning over a decade and led by Chief Engineer of the State Harbor Commission, Frank G. White, Piers 1, 1½, 3 and 5, were opened in 1918. Unlike the piers south of the Ferry Building that were designed in the Mission and Gothic Revival styles, the piers north of the Ferry Building were built in the Beaux-Arts architecture style, similar to New York City&#39;s Chelsea Piers. The timber-frame bulkhead buildings, covered in stucco, are each two stories high, punctuated by two-story arches. Behind these formal building are the areas more closely associated with the functioning of the port&mdash;the piers and transit sheds. Concrete or timber piers extend east behind the bulkhead buildings, connected to the system of wharves upon which the bulkhead buildings rest. Steel truss and timber-frame buildings, accommodating the loading and unloading of ships are built upon the piers, with open aprons for circulation.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>These were the only group of piers in the Port of San Francisco dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and fostered California&#39;s agricultural business that led the state to become the richest in the nation, as well the fifth largest economy in the world. The Delta King and Delta Queen provided overnight connections between San Francisco and Sacramento from Pier 1½, making it an important gateway for public travel to the interior of the state. Pier 3 and Pier 5 served primarily freight shipping, with a variety of companies sharing the bulkhead office and warehouse spaces and the huge transit sheds which originally extended the full length of the finger piers for more than 700 feet (212 m) east from the wharf on the Embarcadero.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>The San Francisco waterfront piers played a crucial role in the Pacific theater during World War II. With the outbreak of the war, San Francisco&#39;s waterfront became a military logistics center; troops, equipment and supplies left the Port in support of the Pacific theater. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in military activities, with troop ships and naval vessels tied up all along the Embarcadero. In addition, the military briefly set up antiaircraft guns and searchlights at piers along the waterfront from 1941 to 1942. The Coast Guard, Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Maritime Service Enrolling Office occupied Pier 5.</p><br>
<h2>Modern times</h2><br>
<p>After the war, the piers fell into disuse, as ports in Oakland, Alameda and Richmond were better equipped to respond to the conversion to containerization. Piers 1½ and 5 were early examples of finding new uses for buildings which form a valuable part of the citys environment. The former Passenger Waiting Room of Pier 1½ was converted into an architects waterfront office, and the bulkheads of Piers 1½ and 5 were used as professional office space. While many of the piers were demolished, Piers 1 ½, 3 and 5 remain the most visible from the Ferry Building and Market Street, still the main thoroughfare of the city.</p><br>
<p>In January 2001, San Francisco based Pacific Waterfront Partners, LLC was selected by the Port of San Francisco to redevelop the historic Piers 1½, 3 and 5. The project focuses on preserving and rehabilitating the historic maritime design of the Northeast Waterfront and the Ferry Building Waterfront while enhancing the public use and access to the historic and scenic waterfront setting.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Government Hill is a neighborhood in the northwest part of Anchorage, Alaska, United States, sitting in between Anchorage&#39;s downtown area and the western reaches of Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, specifically the portion formerly known as Elmendorf Air Force Base. The neighborhood is named for the "hill" it sits on of about 115 ft bearing the same name, which is actually a bluff which rises alongside the northern banks of Ship Creek. The origins of the name date to 1915, when a federal land reserve was created in the area for the Alaska Engineering Commission, then heavily involved in constructing the Alaska Railroad nearby.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood sits alongside Knik Arm in north Anchorage. It is very ethnically diverse. Numerous Korean emigrants to Anchorage over the years have made Government Hill their first home in the city. Many residents work either in downtown Anchorage or at JBER, which flank the neighborhood to the south and north, respectively. Both are within walking distance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Government Hill is often called Anchorage&#39;s oldest and first neighborhood. The U.S. government withdrew the area from inclusion as part of the Anchorage townsite, and instead created a reserve for housing workers from the railroad and other federal entities doing work in the area. The AEC constructed 13 houses in the southwest corner of the area in 1915. This area was listed as Government Hill Federal Housing Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Loop Road had appeared by the 1920s, which connected Anchorage with the extensive farms by then operating north and northeast of the town. Robert Atwood, describing his early years in Anchorage in his autobiography, referred to Loop Road as the only interesting drive to be had in the area. The farms would be acquired by the federal government in the late 1930s to create Elmendorf as well as Fort Richardson.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Railroad subdivided the remainder of the reserve not taken by the military in 1945 and 1946. Scores of World War II-era surplus and prefabricated buildings, such as Quonset huts, Loxtave houses (developed by the U.S. Navy) and Harman houses (developed by a short-lived Philadelphia-based company), were moved onto the lots. A small number of these original structures still exist in the neighborhood today, virtually all of them west of Loop Road.</p><br>
<p>Several of the streets built in these subdivisions were later named for Alaska Railroad officials of that era: Colwell Street for George Walter Colwell, chief engineer, Cunningham Street for John Todd Cunningham, superintendent of transportation, and Delaney Street for James J. Delaney, assistant general manager.</p><br>
<h3>Latter 20th century and beyond</h3><br>
<p>A substantial shopping area appeared near the intersection of Loop and Bluff Roads, directly next to the gate of Elmendorf, starting in the 1950s. National Bank of Alaska had a branch in the largest shopping mall for a number of years. One of the first bowling alleys in Anchorage, Anchorbowl, opened in 1953. In terms of competitive viability, this area had fallen on hard times by the 1980s, mostly on account of the shifting retail landscape of the time, as well as the expansion of the Carrs Quality Centers grocery chain into the expanding outlying areas of the Anchorage bowl. Remaining and subsequent businesses were geared mostly to a military clientele.</p><br>
<h4>Earthquake damage</h4><br>
<p>Government Hill, along with portions of downtown Anchorage and the Turnagain-By-The-Sea subdivision southwest of downtown, were among the hardest hit in the earthquake of March 27, 1964. A landslide along the bluff immediately east of Loop Road, estimated as covering over 10 acre, resulted in the destruction of Government Hill Elementary School, two residences atop the bluff, and a railroad building at the bottom. The west wing of the school was sheared in two. Due to continuing instability of the land underneath, the building was left as it was and the site fenced off, until the site was redeveloped as a neighborhood park in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Education</h3><br>
<p>Government Hill Elementary was rebuilt in 1965 on military lands next to Alaska Communications System (current AT&T Alascom) headquarters, a short distance north of the original school building. The school had 479 students during the 2005-2006 school year. The school has been noted for its bilingual teaching methods using both Spanish and English.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>Government Hill is the location of the Anchorage Curling Club, which has made the neighborhood its home since 1962. The club is in an old railroad warehouse and features two sheets of ice.</p><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>At times considered part of the neighborhood is the Port of Anchorage immediately to the west, which transfers about 15 million tons of fuel a year. Portions of the Alaska Railroad yards to the south are also considered to be part of the neighborhood. A bridge was built ca. 1975 over the Ship Creek valley and railroad yards, which directly links downtown Anchorage with Government Hill and the Port. Loop Road was widened and an interchange was built at the bridge&#39;s northern end. The area around this interchange has seen numerous serious accidents in the years since.</p><br>
<p>Government Hill also plays a huge role in the Knik Arm Bridge debate. The plan proposes to build a highway and bridge across the Knik Arm from northern Anchorage and along the Susitna River drainage to connect to the Parks Highway, bypassing the densely populated central portions of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, particularly Wasilla. Many Government Hill residents oppose the plan, since many of the options presented would bisect the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Government Hill is served by the #41 People Mover route, linking it to Downtown and Fairview.</p><br>
<h3>Other</h3><br>
<p>Also considered to be part of Government Hill, though not part of the original subdivisions, were 51 apartment buildings which were originally part of Elmendorf&#39;s main housing area. Though the names have changed slightly over the years, these buildings were generally known as the Richardson Vista, Panoramic View and Hollywood Vista apartment complexes. A fire station (no longer used as such, deemed unnecessary when the downtown fire station was relocated to provide direct access to the bridge) marked the demarcation point between the apartments and the mostly single-family remainder of Government Hill.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Vista was condemned in 1989, after falling into stages of neglect and disrepair for over a decade under various owners. The buildings were razed in 1997. The Municipality of Anchorage currently owns the land, and has faced periodic political battles over the years over how to redevelop the site.</p><br>
<p>The Ralph Waldo Emerson House is a house museum located at 18 Cambridge Turnpike, Concord, Massachusetts, and a National Historic Landmark for its associations with American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. He and his family named the home Bush. The museum is open mid-April to mid-October; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1828 by the Coolidge family and named "Coolidge Castle". It was used as a summer house on the village outskirts, beside the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike. It is a four-square, two-story frame building in a house style common to many New England towns.</p><br>
<p>While Ralph Waldo Emerson was preparing to marry Lydia Jackson (whom he called "Lidian"), he told her he could not live in her home town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. "Plymouth is streets", he wrote to her, "I live in the wide champaign." He had previously lived in Concord at The Old Manse, the Emerson family home, and hoped to return to that town. In July 1835, he wrote in his journal, "I bought my house and two acres six rods of land of John T. Coolidge for 3,500 dollars." He and Jackson married on September 14 and moved into the home the next day, along with his mother.</p><br>
<p>Emerson was pleased to avoid the trouble of building. However, in a contemporary letter to his brother William, he writes: "It is in a mean place, and cannot be fine until trees and flowers give it a character of its own". To that end, he spent between $400 and $500 for enlargements and finishing. The money came from a settlement with the family of his first wife, Ellen Tucker, who had died young. He wrote that he hoped to "crowd so many books and papers, and, if possible, wise friends into it, that it shall have as much wit as it can carry." It became a central meeting place for philosophers, idealists, and poets.</p><br>
<p>Emerson remained in the house for the rest of his life. In it he wrote his famous essays "The American Scholar" and "Self Reliance". He also entertained a host of notable neighbors and visitors including Bronson and Louisa May Alcott, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Beginning in July 1836, the home hosted the meetings of the Transcendental Club, a group which included Orestes Brownson, Theodore Parker, and others.</p><br>
<p>In April 1841, Thoreau accepted an invitation to move into Bush with the family. As Emerson described to his brother William: "He is to have his board, etc., for what labor he chooses to do, and he is thus far a great benefactor... for he is an indefatigable and very skillful laborer". Thoreau later built his well-known cabin on Emerson&#39;s property at Walden Pond. After his experiment in living deliberately, he returned to Bush in September 1847 and stayed there until the next July.</p><br>
<p>While living in the house, Emerson published his book of Essays in 1841, as well as a second series of essays in 1844. He also published two volumes of poetry, Poems in 1846 and May-Day and Other Pieces in 1867. Emerson made his living as a lecturer in New England and beyond; by the 1850s he was giving as many as 80 per year. He eventually gave some 1,500 lectures in his lifetime. His earnings allowed him to expand his property, buying 11 acre of land by Walden Pond and a few more acres in a neighboring pine grove. He wrote that he was "landlord and waterlord of 14 acres, more or less" in 1844. A year later, he purchased another 40 acres at Walden stretching to an area that became known as Emerson&#39;s Cliff.</p><br>
<p>The house caught fire on the morning of July 24, 1872, and Emerson ran out to call for help from neighbors. After the fire was put out, friends took up a collection to pay for repairs, raising some $12,000 in total, and sending the Emersons to Europe and Egypt while the house was restored. In 1873 the Emersons returned to reoccupy the house.</p><br>
<p>Emerson died in the house in 1882, and in 1892 his wife Lidian followed. Their daughter Ellen Tucker Emerson, who remained unmarried, lived in the house until her death in 1909. Other friends and relatives lived here until 1948.</p><br>
<h2>House today</h2><br>
<p>Today the house is still owned by the family. It was first opened to the public in 1930 as a private museum; it continues to operate as a museum, open on a seasonal basis.</p><br>
<p>The interior furnishings remain much as they did when Emerson lived in the home, with original furniture and Emersons memorabilia. The exception is the furniture and books from his study, which are now on display in the Concord Museum across the street. His personal book collection has been moved to Harvard Universitys Houghton Library.</p><br>
<p>Casey Farm is a historic farm in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, United States. It is now a historic museum property, operated by Historic New England, and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Casey Farm occupies a 300 acre tract of land that has been undivided in 300 years of ownership. It extends the full width of the neck of land between the Narrow River and the West Passage of Narragansett Bay. Its main house was built c. 1725–50 by Daniel Coggeshall, and became Silas Caseys when he married Coggeshalls daughter. The property remained in the hands of Casey descendants until it was given to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA, now Historic New England).</p><br>
<p>The farm produced food for local and foreign markets. Located near Newport, Rhode Island Casey Farm had access to materials imported from England, enabling its early owners to live in a fashionable manner. Prosperity ended with the burning of Newport during the American Revolutionary War, and the farm settled into a pattern of absentee ownership. Starting in the mid 19th century, the Casey family began to improve the farm. They leased the property to tenant farmers but retained two rooms in the house for their own occasional summer use, as they had come to regard the farm as their ancestral home.</p><br>
<p>Casey Farm was also the summer home and subsequently the burial place of Civil War general Silas Casey, military engineer Thomas Lincoln Casey and Washington, D.C. architect Edward Pearce Casey.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 the farm and Casey family papers were donated to the preservation organization Historic New England.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting today</h2><br>
<p>Today, hired farm hands raise organic vegetables, herbs, and flowers for subscribing households in a Community Supported Agriculture program. The guided tour includes the farmyard and cemetery, where six generations of Caseys are buried. The farm is owned by Historic New England.</p><br>
<p>The education personnel at Casey Farm also offer numerous programs for children during the school year and the summer. Staff members, which Historic New England calls "farm teachers," host various programs in the fall and springtime for schoolchildren. Casey Farm also partners with schools across Rhode Island by giving teachers and their students the opportunity to raise and hatch chicks in incubators each year. They call this partnership "Project Chick." During the summer, Historic New England has various summer camp offerings at Casey Farm for children between the ages of 3 and 13. These camps include week-long day programs and single-day programs.</p><br>
<p>The Clemence–Irons House  is a historic house located in Johnston, Rhode Island. It was built by Richard Clemence in 1691 and is a rare surviving example of a "stone ender", a building type first developed in the western part of England and common in colonial Rhode Island. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a historic house museum owned and operated by Historic New England. It is open Saturdays between June and mid-October.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Richard Clemence, a farmer, constructed the Clemence–Irons House in 1691. Passing through a series of owners in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, the house had grown to 13 rooms by 1938, when it was purchased by Henry Sharpe and his sisters, Ellen Sharpe and Louisa Sharpe Metcalf. Additions by this time included a one-story parlor with a separate fireplace at the north end, a second lean-to with kitchen, bath and stair hall and two bedrooms, a one-story ell at the southwest corner, and a front hall and porch at the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Nonetheless, the Sharpe family valued the age and recognized the stone-ender characteristics of the house. It commissioned Norman Isham, who had directed restoration efforts at nearby Eleazer Arnold House in 1920, to investigate the structure and restore the house to its 17th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>Isham determined that the original house consisted of one-and-a-half stories with a rear lean-to and a steep gable roof. In the plan, he found evidence of four rooms on the first floor instead of the more typical one-room plan of other early stone-enders. Removing the later additions and baring the main block of non-original interior finishes, the house was rebuilt to reflect Isham&#39;s findings.</p><br>
<p>The plan consists of a great room and chamber in the main block, with a kitchen and second smaller chamber in the rear lean-to. Using a combination of salvaged and new materials to recreate the original appearance of the house, Isham also commissioned furnishings made from old wood to complement the architectural reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Significant as one of the oldest houses in Rhode Island, the Clemence–Irons House also is important as a record of mid-20th-century restoration ideas and methods. The house was donated to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, now known as Historic New England, in 1947. In 2003 a dendrochronology survey of the tree rings determined a 1691 construction date. Together with the Eleazer Arnold House, the Clemence–Irons House provides a rare opportunity to study the stone-ender in New England.</p><br>
<p>The Greersburg Academy was an educational institution that was established in 1802 in Darlington, Pennsylvania, United States by the Reverend Thomas Hughes.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The academy was created as a "prep" school for college. Classes included languages, philosophy, and astronomy. Notable alumni of the school included abolitionist John Brown, Walter Forward, John White Geary, Daniel Leasure, William Holmes McGuffey.</p><br>
<p>The stone structure was built sometime around 1806, making it one of the oldest buildings still standing in Beaver County.</p><br>
<p>Though it was originally built as a school, the structure functioned as a railway station for a time, serving several railroads between 1883 and 1972.</p><br>
<p>The structure is one of the oldest structures to have ever been used as a station.</p><br>
<p>The Little Beaver Historical Society currently maintains the structure.</p><br>
<p>Wright&#39;s Tavern is a historic tavern located in the center of Concord, Massachusetts. It is now a National Historic Landmark owned by the Society of the First Parish, Concord, with important associations with the Battle of Lexington and Concord at the start of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Wrights Tavern was built in 1747 by Ephraim Jones, who operated it until 1751. At the dawn of the American Revolution in April 1775, it was managed by Amos Wright, whose name it has borne ever since. On April 19, the day of the Battle of Lexington and Concord, when the courthouse bell announced the approach of Major Pitcairns British troops, the Concord Minutemen assembled at Wrights Tavern. Later, after Pitcairns arrival in the Concord square, British officers refreshed themselves in the tavern.</p><br>
<p>The tavern also has earlier links to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress which met next door in October 1774, in the First Parish Church. With John Hancock as president and Benjamin Lincoln as secretary, the Congress consisted of 300 delegates from Massachusetts towns who passed measures ending tax payments to the Crown and organizing a militia force to defy King George III by arms if necessary. Wright&#39;s Tavern was used as a meeting place for committees of the Congress during the 5-day session.</p><br>
<p>Since the Revolution the building has been put to many uses. Today the tavern is still in good condition with red clapboards and a double-hipped (monitor) roof above its two main stories. It is being restored to its 1775 condition as a museum and scheduled to open in 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Florence was a wildcat bank located in Florence, Nebraska Territory. It originally operated for three years in the 1850s, and another bank adopted the name and location in 1904. Today the building that housed the bank is the Bank of Florence Museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is the oldest building in Omaha, Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Florence was founded on the ruins of Winter Quarters, with dozens of small buildings still intact from the early Mormon pioneer settlement. A speculator&#39;s dream, the town was quickly built.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Florence was built as a wildcat bank for speculators to make an easy profit. Many of the early investors included members of the land company that founded the nearby town of Saratoga, as well as businessmen from around the local area. When the Panic of 1857 hit, many local townspeople and farmers were financially drained.</p><br>
<p>The building reopened as the Second Bank of Florence in 1904, and was restored as a landmark in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Today the building has been turned into a museum, which is owned and operated by the Florence Historical Foundation. Visitors can view the main bank floor, the vault, the rooms upstairs that served as the home of the original bank manager, and a restored Florence Telephone Company switchboard. The bank is open on Saturdays and Sundays 11 AM-3 PM from May through August and on special event days. Tours on other days can be arranged by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Arch Rock is a geological formation on Mackinac Island in Michigan. It is a natural limestone arch formed during the Nipissing post-glacial period, a period of high Lake Huron levels following the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. To this day Arch Rock stands on the Lake Huron shoreline 146 ft above the water.</p><br>
<p>Limestone breccia is not an ideal material for natural bridges, and this type of formation is quite rare in the North American Great Lakes region. The Native Americans saw Arch Rock as a place of numinous power, and told many stories and legends about it.</p><br>
<p>Euro-Americans did not share many of the taboos of their Native predecessors, and treated Arch Rock as a curiosity to be admired. One early chronicler was Alexis de Tocqueville who wrote of the "Giant&#39;s Arch" "of extraordinary shape" during his visit in August, 1831.</p><br>
<p>Its presence was a major element in the decisions to create Mackinac National Park in 1875 and its successor, Mackinac Island State Park, in 1895. Arch Rock has been a part of the State Park ever since. Today Arch Rock is a focus of Mackinac Island tourism, and is seen by many visitors to the Island. Several trails and paved roads, including the aptly named Arch Rock Road and Arch Rock Bicycle Trail, lead to the formation.</p><br>
<p>Vananda is a former unincorporated village in northwestern Rosebud County, Montana, United States, along the route of USA Highway 12. The town was established in 1908 as a station stop on the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, then under construction across Montana. The railway used Vananda as a water stop for its steam locomotives, and built a small reservoir near the townsite to ensure an adequate water supply.</p><br>
<p>Although the land around Vananda attracted numerous homesteaders during the decade following the railroad&#39;s completion, the region proved to be far too arid and inhospitable for intensive agricultural use, and by the 1920s the town was in decline. The railroad through the area was abandoned in 1980, and Vananda is now a ghost town.</p><br>
<p>The Vananda townsite was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Vananda Historic District in 1990.</p><br>
<p>It included:</p><br>
<p>Vananda School (1920), a two-story building</p><br>
<p>Vananda State Bank (1917), a one-story 24x40 ft yellow- and red-brick building</p><br>
<p>Berg Residence, a small one-story house</p><br>
<p>Jacobsen Residence, a one-story bungalow house</p><br>
<p>among other buildings.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers Rest is a historic farmhouse located in Berryville, Clarke County, Virginia. It was constructed about 1780 for the family of William Morton. The property was later owned, and expanded upon, by Daniel Morgan, a general in the American Revolution. The property was also owned by Col Griffin Taylor, a veteran of the War of 1812. The fact that it was owned by two soldiers gave the home the "Soldiers Rest" moniker.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the current house being built, a smaller one stood some 200 yards away, and said to be the place where George Washington stayed when he was surveying the land here for Lord Fairfax in 1748.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Fenway Studios are artists&#39; studios located at 30 Ipswich Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The studios were built after a disastrous 1904 fire at Harcourt Studios in which many artists lost their homes, studios, and work. Business and civic leaders promptly acquired the land, hired architects, and began construction. Architects Parker and Thomas designed Fenway Studios with north light for all 46 studios, 12-foot windows, 16-foot ceilings, and fireplaces in the end studios. The exterior was built with clinker brick in the Arts and Crafts style. In 1905 artists returned. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998 as the only artist studio building specifically designed with input from artists that is still in use for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>Numerous Boston artists and teachers worked in the studios, including Marion Boyd Allen, Lila Perry Cabot, Joseph Decamp, Philip Hale, Lilian Westcott Hale, Charles Hopkinson, György Kepes, George Loftus Noyes, William Kaula, Lee Lufkin Kaula, Lillian and Leslie Prince Thompson, William Paxton, Marion L. Pooke, Edmund Charles Tarbell, and Mary Bradish Titcomb.</p><br>
<p>In addition to real artists the Fenway Studios have housed fictional characters: The mystery novel "The Palace Guard" by Charlotte MacLeod includes two artists living and working in the Studios, and significant parts of the action take place in and around this location. A later novel "The Odd Job", by the same author, refers back to those people and the same locale.</p><br>
<p>By 1974 ownership shares had passed to heirs, the studios were not being maintained, and they owed nearly $200,000 in back taxes. The "Artists for the Preservation of the Fenway Studios" was formed to save the studios, and in 1981 a mortgage paid for back taxes and building improvements. In 1982, after renovations were completed, the studios were converted into an early limited-equity cooperative. In 1998 façade structural issues were discovered, requiring emergency repairs costing $1.6 million, which required additional fund raising through the Friends of Fenway Studios. As of 2024, the studios are currently home to over 40 artists working in a wide range of media.Image:Fenway Studios Façade 29Jan2008.jpgFront façade as photographed from across the street</p><br>
<p>Grandview Drive  is a two and a half mile scenic road with adjacent park areas through Peoria and Peoria Heights, Illinois. Major portions of the road give a view of the Illinois River and its valley as well as clear views of some of the historic homes in the area. Houses along Grandview Drive are among the best known in the city; the residential area on the west of Grandview Drive, opposite the river, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district in 1996. A large amount of land on the valley side of Grandview Drive is owned by the Peoria Park District and is undeveloped except for park benches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 15, 1894, the Pleasure Driveway and Park District of Peoria was the first in Illinois to organize under the Pleasure Driveways and Park Districts Act.</p><br>
<h3>Name</h3><br>
<p>The districts legal name, "Pleasure Driveway and Park District of Peoria", is a reflection of Grandview Drives original prominence in the Peoria park system. The drive is said to have been one of the first "linear parks" of its time.</p><br>
<p>President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have proclaimed it the "Worlds Most Beautiful Drive" during a 1910 visit. Though this is more a paraphrase of his sentiments than an exact quote. Grandview Drive was the original location of WMBD (AM); although the WMBD callsign was assigned in FCC sequence, the callsign is associated with Roosevelts comment.</p><br>
<h3>Development and design</h3><br>
<p>Oscar F. Dubuis was hired as the landscape gardener and engineer. Dubuis was born in Geneva, Switzerland. He served a four-year apprenticeship under Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of New York&#39;s Central Park. Dubuis worked for the West Park Board of Chicago for twenty-three years.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, the park board began making plans for Grandview Drive and securing property rights. In 1902, Dubuis began developing the plan for the drive. He tried to keep as many original trees as possible, including species of white oak, red oak, hickory, sugar maple, Norway maple, and sycamore.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on October 14, 1903. No machines were used; hand labor and horses performed all the labor on the overgrown hilly terrain. One year later, the road bed had been cut. The original base was made from gravel and sand, which became dusty and deeply rutted after cars became popular. In the mid-1930s, the road was repaved with asphalt.</p><br>
<p>Construction of a five-story observation tower began in 1905 and was completed in 1906. After roughly forty years, the tower was razed in 1942 due to corrosion and a high cost of repair. It was used as scrap metal for the World War II effort. Today the northeast corner of the site is home to the Pimiteoui marker, relocated to the site and installed by the Peoria Park District in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Grandview drive stretches from Prospect Road to Illinois Route 29, and is a winding road with several sight-seeing areas. Along the road is the Peoria Country Club, which includes a golf course and tennis courts. There is also a large park, known as Grandview Park.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places boundary for The Grand View Drive Historic District is "roughly bounded by Prospect Road in the north, the Illinois River bluffs, Adams Street in the south and the Grand View Drive W. right of way". This description appears to be contradictory, as Grandview Drive runs between Prospect Road and Adams Street (Illinois Route 29), and the description appears to give no northern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of Grandview Drive is close to Tower Park in Peoria Heights, Illinois; when North Grandview Drive meets North Prospect Road, the name changes into East Kingman Avenue. It is near the birthplace of the first gasoline-powered car in America, the Duryea automobile, built in 1893 by Charles Duryea. The north entry point of the drive is at 792 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of Grandview Drive is near the Peoria Waterworks building, another designation on the National Register of Historic Places. At the lower entrance, the drive is 450 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Arkadelphia Boy Scout Hut, located in Central Park in Arkadelphia, Arkansas is on the National Register of Historic Places. Since the roof and the original shutters and windows were replaced in 1953, in the Hut is precluded from being listed on the National Register under Criterion C. However, it listed under Criterion A as a "property that made a contribution to the major pattern of American history".</p><br>
<p>The Boy Scout Hut was constructed from 1938 to 1939 as a National Youth Administration (NYA) project. It is an example of the typical type of buildings constructed by the New Deal&#39;s Works Progress Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and NYA during the Great Depression. However, it is the only known building constructed by the NYA and the only building designed in a Rustic style that remains standing in Arkadelphia that was designed and constructed during the New Deal era.</p><br>
<p>While the Boy Scout Hut was constructed specifically as a meeting place for two local Boy Scout troops, and its use is controlled by the Boy Scouts, the building is actually owned by the city of Arkadelphia. Starting around 1958, the Boy Scouts allowed the local Girl Scout troops to use the building and currently Cub Scout Pack 3024 and Girl Scout Troop 454 use the building.</p><br>
<p>The Warkentin House is a house in Newton, Kansas, United States. The home of Bernhard Warkentin and Wilhelmina Eisenmayer Warkentin, it was built between 1886 and 1887. It is listed on the Kansas Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places as a splendid example of the Victorian period in American architecture and furnishings. The Victorian house offers a glimpse into the way the Warkentins lived, with 80 percent of the original furnishings remaining.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bernhard Warkentin was born in the village of Altonau of the Molotschna Mennonite settlement in Ukraine on June 18, 1847. In 1872, he arrived in the United States to study the country&#39;s agricultural, economic and political climate.</p><br>
<p>Wilhelmina Eisenmayer was born November 1, 1852, in Horse Prairie, Illinois. She and Bernhard were married August 12, 1875. They had two children: Edna Wella, born September 24, 1876, and Carl Orlando, born January 3, 1880.</p><br>
<p>Realizing the benefit the Mennonite farmers would be to the development of the Great Plains states, American railroad companies touted the advantages of settling in the midwestern United States. Between 1874 and 1884, about 15,000 Mennonites immigrated to America. The majority settled in Kansas. Bernhard Warkentin encouraged the immigrants to bring with them Turkey Red hard winter wheat.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, Warkentin settled in Halstead, Kansas, building Harvey Countys first grist mill and his farmstead on the Little Arkansas River. In planning for his mill, Warkentin visited several milling operations throughout the Midwest; among them was Conrad Eisenmayers mill in Summerfield, Illinois. It was there that he met Eisenmayer&#39;s daughter, Wilhelmina.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1874, the Kansas countryside was first sown with Turkey Red wheat, the hardy, high-yield variety that gave Kansas its enormous productivity and made the region the breadbasket of the world.</p><br>
<p>Warkentin owned mills and elevators in Newton and Halstead, Kansas, and Blackwell, Oklahoma. He was instrumental in founding the Halstead State Bank, Kansas State Bank, Bethel Deaconess Hospital, and Bethel College.</p><br>
<p>Warkentin died by accidental gunshot on a trip in the Holy Land in 1908. Wilhelmina Warkentin lived in their Newton home until her death in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Following her death, Wilhelmina left the house to the Bethel Deaconesses, who used it until 1970. At this time, ownership was transferred to a group dedicated to restoring and maintaining the house, which was also added to the National Register of Historic Places. The city assumed ownership in 1973, and continues to operate the museum and maintain the house.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<h3>Foyer</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance door displays a cut and etched glass panel imported from France.</p><br>
<p>English carpenters crafted the fine woodwork evident in the main staircase and the ball-and-spindle fretwork in the foyer.</p><br>
<p>The lavatory near the front door allowed dusty travelers to freshen up using an English cabinet with teardrop pulls and Italian marble washbasin. The lion-head towel holder is English.</p><br>
<p>Many small details exhibit the fine workmanship of the carpenters, and the leatherette wainscoting in the main foyer, lavatory, and stairwell is especially luxurious.</p><br>
<h3>Parlor and music room</h3><br>
<p>The fireplace in the parlor has a cherry mantelpiece and Italian tiles.</p><br>
<p>The rosewood/mahogany empire loveseat exhibits Chinese influence in carved dog&#39;s heads and claw feet.</p><br>
<p>The box sofa was made in England, and the cornice molding around the ceiling repeats the "gadrooning" (radiating lobes) design of the sofa.</p><br>
<p>The woodwork in the other rooms continues the same themes begun in the foyer, but the woodwork in the parlor is cherry-finished walnut. The music room returns to oak woodwork, and the dining room is walnut. The sliding (pocket) doors between the music room and dining room were crafted of two woods, each side matching the appropriate room.</p><br>
<p>The music room and parlor have crystal chandeliers from Czechoslovakia.</p><br>
<p>The Steinway upright piano belonged to the Warkentins&#39; daughter, Edna, and the floor in the music room is covered by one of many Anglo-Persian carpets in the house.</p><br>
<p>The music room is spacious and well-lighted by windows on the east and south.</p><br>
<h3>Dining room and kitchen</h3><br>
<p>The Italian tile in the dining room fireplace portrays the goddess of agriculture, Demeter in Greek mythology or Ceres in the Roman pantheon.</p><br>
<p>The Warkentins entertained elegantly, and the china closet contains some of their original serving pieces; among the most striking is the chocolate pot.</p><br>
<p>The jeweled and stained glass windows on either side of the fireplace pre-date the house and are believed to be of Russian origin.</p><br>
<p>The large medallion in the wall covering echoes the emblem in the satin glass globes of the bronze chandelier and the wall sconces.</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth-century luxury did not extend to the kitchen. Electricity replaced gas for lighting soon after the completion of the house, but the old wood/coal cookstove continued in use for many years.</p><br>
<p>Indoor plumbing was installed two years after the completion of the house. A servant pumped water into a large, copper-lined reservoir in the third-floor attic at the beginning of each day. The three sinks in the kitchen are slate.</p><br>
<h3>Bedrooms</h3><br>
<p>The two-room master suite has a sitting room to the southwest. The birdseye maple suite is original to the house, but it was not located in the master bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The brass double bed is now in the northwest bedroom and also belonged to the Warkentins. Much of the furniture in the bedrooms is not original to the house. The trunk at the foot of the bed was used by the Warkentins in their travels.</p><br>
<p>The parquet flooring throughout the house consists of several different woods and is finely crafted. The most unusual floor covering is in the master suite, where bright red Russian rugs, originally in the music room, have been moved for preservation. Warkentin himself purchased them in Russia, and the thistle pattern displays the Russian national flower.</p><br>
<h3>Library</h3><br>
<p>The most unusual fireplace is in the library. The tile is again Italian, but the hearth displays a most unusual diagonal band.</p><br>
<p>Bernhard Warkentins roll-top desk is no longer on the east wall of the library, but his wifes oak writing desk stands in that location. His favorite chair has striking lion&#39;s heads on the arms and claw feet. The design on the coal scuttle is similar to that on the etched glass of the front door. The walnut library case is one of the few furnishings native to Kansas. It was constructed in Leavenworth and contains family books.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont–Paul Womens Equality National Monument , Alva Belmont House , and the Sewall–Belmont House and Museum ) is a historic house and museum of the USA womens suffrage and equal rights movements located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The monument is named after suffragists and National Woman&#39;s Party leaders Alva Belmont and Alice Paul.</p><br>
<p>Since 1929 the house has served as headquarters of the National Womans Party, a key political organization in the fight for womens suffrage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. From 1972 to 2016, the Sewall–Belmont National Historic Site was an affiliated unit of the National Park Service. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated it a national monument.</p><br>
<h2>Sewall House history</h2><br>
<h3>Construction of the house</h3><br>
<p>On June 20, 1632, Charles I, King of England, made a land grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore which became the Province of Maryland (later the state of Maryland). Lord Baltimore established counties within the province, and provincial courts further subdivided counties into areas known as hundreds. One of these was New Scotland Hundred. Its southern boundary was the Potomac River, extending from the mouth of Oxon Creek upstream to Little Falls Rapids (a point 10 mi downstream from the Great Falls of the Potomac River). On February 12, 1663, the third Lord Baltimore granted a land patent of 1,000 acre in New Scotland Hundred to George Thompson. The property (which was now called Duddington Manor) changed hands, was subdivided, and inherited a number of times before it came into the possession of nine-year-old Daniel Carroll in 1773.</p><br>
<p>On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington. About December 1790, Washington chose the site now known as the District of Columbia. Congress ratified his decision in 1791. Congress subsequently purchased all land in the new district from its private owners (the "original patentees"), including Carroll. The district was divided into squares, and each square into lots. Daniel Carroll purchased lot 1 in square 725 on October 18, 1793, for $266.66, (~$ in ) and the same day the federal government gave lot 32 in square 725 back to Carroll gratis. Robert Sewall purchased lot 2 in square 725 for $429.33 on October 18, and lots 1 and 32 from Carroll for $600.29 on January 29, 1799.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the main house occurred in 1799 and 1800. The architect of the new Sewall house is unknown, but research by the Historic American Buildings Survey indicates it was probably Leonard Harbaugh, an architect from Baltimore, Maryland, who was just beginning a notable career. (His design for the United States Capitol was the first chosen and later rejected by Congress, and he later designed Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown; Old North, the first building on the campus of Georgetown University; the original Treasury Building; and the War Office Building, which was later replaced by the Executive Office Building). The main house was essentially an addition to the front of a one-room farmhouse believed to date from 1750. Although the Sewall family rarely occupied the home, its size, beauty, and location led many prominent government leaders to reside there. These included Albert Gallatin, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and Reverdy Johnson, USA Senator from Maryland, United States Attorney General, and USA Minister to the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>Tradition maintains that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812, and that gunfire from within or behind the Sewall residence provoked the attack.</p><br>
<h3>History of the house in the 1800s</h3><br>
<p>The house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations. After the house was partially burned by the British in 1814, Sewall sought reimbursement from the federal government for the damages. Congress declined to award them, so Sewall himself paid to have the structure repaired in 1820. A stable was probably added to the property at this time. Sewall died in the house on December 16, 1820, leaving the building to his wife, Polly, and his four surviving daughters. It is unclear which of these continued to live in the house, but Susan definitely lived in it until her death in 1837. Her will left the house to her older brother, Robert Darnell Sewall. Robert Sewall died on March 18, 1853, and bequeathed the house to his nieces, Susan and Ellen Daingerfield (his sister Susans daughters). In 1879, the Daingerfields made a major alteration to the house by added a half mansard roof to the front. In 1865, Susan Daingerfield married John S. Barbour, Jr., a railroad executive who later became a USA Senator from Virginia. After Susans death in 1886, Barbour continued to live in the Sewall house with his sister-in-law, Ellen.</p><br>
<p>Sewall House was empty from Ellen Daingerfield&#39;s death in 1912 until 1922, when it was purchased by Senator Porter H. Dale of Vermont. Dale extensively rehabilitated the house from 1922 to 1924. He renovated the porch at the rear of the house and enclosed it, added three bathrooms, laid new floors throughout the structure, added three windows on the first floor on the west side of the house, and renovated the kitchen. Architect J.G. Herbert of Washington, D.C., oversaw these changes.</p><br>
<h2>Alva Belmont House history</h2><br>
<h3>Becoming National Woman&#39;s Party headquarters</h3><br>
<p>On May 8, 1921, the National Woman&#39;s Party (NWP) announced it had purchased the Old Brick Capitol, a historic red brick structure built in 1815 by Congress as a temporary site for the national legislature until the United States Capitol (burned during the War of 1812) could be rebuilt. The organization planned to offer a library, reading rooms, sleeping quarters, meeting rooms, and a dining facility at their new headquarters, which replaced temporary facilities on Lafayette Square. The organization obtained the structure for $150,000, and spent another $50,000 repairing and upgrading it. The headquarters were dedicated on May 21, 1922.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1902, the USA Senate Park Commission issued its recommendations for the development of the national capital. This report, The Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia (better known as the McMillan Plan after the commission&#39;s chairman, Senator James McMillan) had recommended clearing nearly all the area around the USA Capitol building and erecting a cluster of government office buildings here. This included a new United States Supreme Court Building. In 1926, Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act, which provided for land purchase and construction of the Federal Triangle complex of government office buildings between the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Half the funding in the act, however, provided for construction of a new Supreme Court building across 1st Street NE from the USA Capitol.</p><br>
<p>The site for the new court structure was the site of the Old Capitol Building. Eminent domain proceedings began swiftly. In 1927, fearing the NWP might lose its headquarters, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, the NWPs wealthy benefactor and co-founder, paid Senator Dale $100,000 (~$ in ) in cash for an option to purchase the Sewall house. The condemnation proceedings went against the party. Although they were initially offered only $100,000 for their property, the NWP protested. In November 1928 the National Womans Party accepted an award of $299,200 (~$ in ) for their existing headquarters in the Old Capitol Prison.</p><br>
<p>Belmont exercised her option and obtained title to the Sewall house on May 21, 1929. The party announced their purchase of the structure in early September 1929.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations to the Belmont House</h3><br>
<p>The structure was renamed the Alva Belmont House during the NWPs national convention, which opened on December 6, 1929. Renovations to the structure began in August 1929. It is unclear if Columbus, Ohio, architect Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector or local D.C. decorator Madeleine McCandless designed and implemented the changes, but the Historic American Buildings Survey concludes that McCandless probably oversaw the improvements. These included a new window and door in the first floor on the east side, double doors in the west side, a new window on the second floor on the east side, a new bathroom on the second floor, and a new window on the second floor on the west side. These renovations cost about $30,000. Additionally, the NWP purchased two additions to the site at a total cost of about $19,000 to $20,000. When the Old Capitol was demolished, women from the NWP showed up with wheelbarrows to rescue bricks from the structure, which they then used to pave the patio in the Belmont House garden. A bronze plaque was affixed to the exterior of the house after the renovations were complete in December 1930, marking the official dedication of Alva Belmont House. The renovations converted the private residence to a multipurpose living and working space where NWPs leader and main strategist, Alice Paul, and others lived and worked.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the USA Senate considered legislation that would permit the condemnation of Belmont House so that underground security vaults could be constructed there as part of the construction of the Dirksen Senate Office Building. But the plan met stiff opposition from local residents and the Capitol Hill Restoration Society. The battle over the legislation continued into 1958.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Congress enacted legislation exempting Sewall–Belmont House from property taxation.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, by Senator Stephen M. Young introduced legislation in Congress to purchase the Sewall–Belmont House and turn it into a residence for the Vice President of the United States. Hearings were held on the bill in 1966, which provided $450,000 for purchase of the structure and property and $200,000 for renovations and additions. But opponents argued that the house was not large enough and not remote enough from the Capitol to provide privacy, and the bill died.</p><br>
<h3>Demolition threat</h3><br>
<p>In 1966, the Senate began deliberations which led to construction of the Hart Senate Office Building. The Dirksen Senate Office Building occupied the western half of the block bounded by 1st Street NE, Constitution Avenue NE, 2nd Street NE, and C Street NE. The Architect of the Capitol and Senators sought to condemn the entire eastern half of the block. The Belmont–Paul House sat on the southeast corner of this area. The stand-alone legislation authorizing condemnation of the buildings on the site exempted the Belmont–Paul (then Sewall–Belmont) House from demolition, but not the two adjacent buildings which it used as apartments for its members when visiting Washington over many decades to organize and lobby on behalf of all aspects of Women&#39;s Equality. Architects wanted this land for an entrance to a planned underground parking garage. This legislation cleared the Senate Committee on Public Works in October 1967. The full Senate approved the bill on April 30, 1968.</p><br>
<p>The House Committee on Public Works approved the bill on May 22, 1968. The full House of Representatives balked at passing the bill. Architectural historian L. Morris Leisenring had studied the Belmont–Paul House for the Architect of the Capitol, and concluded that the two adjacent structures had once been slave quarters and a tobacco barn, and warranted preservation. Leisenring had recently overseen the restoration of Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, and his opinion persuaded many House members that the entire NWP complex should be saved. But other historians disputed Leisenring&#39;s conclusions. Opponents of the bill were also angered by the cost of the Senate building and actions taken by the Senate previously that year. The House refused to act on the bill, and it died when the 90th Congress ended on January 3, 1969.</p><br>
<p>Changes to the architectural design of the building moved the parking garage entrance to the northern side of the proposed structure, which left the government seeking to condemn the NWP&#39;s two outbuildings for use as greenspace. To overcome House resistance to its authorization legislation, the Senate attached language authorizing the land condemnation to a bill which had already passed the House. During conference committee meetings, House members were unable to have the offending amendment removed from the bill. It passed the House and Senate, and became law.</p><br>
<h3>Post-1970s renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 1974, Congress voted to provide the National Woman&#39;s Party with $300,000 (~$ in ) in historic preservation funds to help renovate and maintain the house. The legislation also authorized the National Park Service to conduct tours of the site. But major budget cuts enacted the following year jeopardized these funds, and the Historic American Buildings Survey has concluded that they never occurred.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, Congress enacted legislation which once more gave the NWP historic preservation funding for the house.</p><br>
<p>The Sewall–Belmont House continued to be used as the headquarters for the National Womans Party into the 21st century. Over time, the house also became a museum that housed an archive, memorabilia, documents, furniture, and artwork related to the womens suffrage and equal rights movement. Maintaining the structure proved increasingly costly, so the organization began renting the Sewall–Belmont House as a meeting center and wedding site. At their peak in 2007, weddings brought in more than $100,000 (~$ in ) for the museum. The discovery of mold in the Florence Bayard Hilles Research Library in 2014 forced the museum to spend $75,000 (~$ in ) to remove it. To pay for the repair, the museum placed two of its three staff people on half-time. In January and February 2016, heavy snowfall damaged copper gutters at the house, forcing the museum to cancel most of its Women&#39;s History Month programming to pay for repairs.</p><br>
<h3>2022 renovation</h3><br>
<p>Starting in January 2022, the National Monument was closed down to the public to begin a renovation. Funded through the Great American Outdoors Act (GAOA), the restoration includes installation of new HVAC equipment throughout the house, rehabilitation of all historic windows, installation of a new metal roof, an extension of fire sprinkler protection to the Library, plaster wall/ceiling & crack repairs, lead paint abatement, structural flooring repairs, and increased storm water drainage capacity in the backyard. It reopened in August 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Belmont–Paul House is the oldest house still standing in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. Although formally dedicated as the Alva Belmont House by the NWP in 1931, the combined name Sewall–Belmont House came into usage by The Evening Star newspaper as early as 1942, and by The Washington Post in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Sewall–Belmont House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) introduced legislation to authorize the National Park Service to accept ownership of the Sewall–Belmont House should the National Womans Party agree to transfer it at no cost. The National Womans Party found the building increasingly costly to maintain, and the transfer of title would allow for better conservation of the site.</p><br>
<p>President Barack Obama designated the Sewall–Belmont House a national monument on April 12, 2016. The house, renamed Belmont–Paul Womens Equality National Monument after Alva Belmont and Alice Paul, continues to house the National Womans Party collection, which includes an extensive library on womens suffrage and womens issues, the NWP archive, and museum holdings such as art, memorabilia, and exhibits. Financier David Rubenstein also announced he would make a $1 million donation to the National Park Foundation to help restore and conserve the house and support its ongoing mission. Renting the site for weddings ended, NWP officials said. L. Page Harrington, executive director of the museum, said the museum and NWP archives will continue to use the name National Woman&#39;s Party.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>When construction on the Sewall House was completed in 1800, the house was in the Adam Federal style of architecture. The Historic American Buildings Survey has concluded that the structure has been so modified over the years that it no longer belongs to a single architectural style but, rather, reflects as many as seven different genres. Other sources agree that the building no longer has a definable architectural style, but most feel it has retained enough features to still be characterized as Federal, while some feel it is more in the Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular home is 58 ft long on the south side and 130 ft long on the west side. The look-out basement is only about a third below-ground. The main building consists of two and a half stories. The roof was gabled, although this was changed to a partial mansard roof in 1879. The house is made of brick laid primarily in Flemish bond, although some areas are laid in English bond and</p><br>
<p>American bond and some have no particular pattern. The principal facade, which faces Constitution Avenue, is three bays wide. The front door features sidelights and an overhead fanlight in a "peacock" design. A molded semicircular arch with keystone surmounts the fanlight. Paired stairs lead to a landing before the main entrance, while the basement is accessed by a door below the landing. A round brick arch doorway provides access to the below-landing space.</p><br>
<p>A -story kitchen addition is attached to the northeast corner of the house on the north side. A one-story stable (which now serves as a library) is attached to the north side of the kitchen addition. These are 19th century additions to the structure. A 20th century addition, on the west side of the kitchen, forms an enclosed terrace. This terrace addition reaches to the south wall of the stable/library, helping to create and enclose the hall between the two additions.</p><br>
<p>The double-hung windows on the principal facade on the first and second floors consist of a main panel three by three rectangular panes wide, with sidelight panels two over two vertical rectangular pane wide. Mullions divide the three panels. Each of these windows has a stone lintel with a circular bas-relief design in the corner, and false shutters. In the mansard roof at the front of the house are three gabled dormers. Each dormer is surrounded by decorative millwork with two dentils below, square Tuscan pillars with indents on either side, a lintel with the circular bas-relief, and a plain triangular pediment.</p><br>
<p>Original windows on the other facades are double-hung, with main panels three by three rectangular panes wide. Each of these also has a stone lintel with circular bas-relief design. Windows added later lack the lintel.</p><br>
<p>The interior floor plan is typical of an Adam Federalist house, with a center hall and two symmetrical rooms on either side. The third (or attic) floor consisted of a secondary suite, with kitchenette and full bathroom. Over the kitchen addition were two floors, each only three-quarters normal height. A narrow, spiral servants&#39; stairs provides access to a bedroom and full bath on each floor above.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the site</h2><br>
<p>The Belmont–Paul Women&#39;s Equality National Monument is located at 144 Constitution Avenue NE. The nearest Metro stop is Union Station.</p><br>
<p>The Waterways Experiment Station  is a United States Army Corps of Engineers research campus in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The 673 acre campus hosts the headquarters of the Engineer Research and Development Center  and four of its seven laboratories. Congress authorized the research complex in 1929 to develop flood control methods on the Mississippi River, as part of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project. Subsequent research delved into topics, including coastal engineering, dredging, weapons effects, and geotechnical engineering.</p><br>
<p>The facility was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2000 in part for its architecture. The listing was for a 16 acre area roughly bounded by Spillway, Durden Creek, Tennessee Rd., and Dam Spillway, in Vicksburg, with five contributing buildings and three contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The modern interest in scale modeling to study hydraulic engineering may be traced back to a demonstration model of flow over a weir in a glass-sided flume at the University of Michigan in the late 19th century. A visiting professor from the Technical College at Dresden, witnessed the model and upon his return, built a similar model in Dresden. Other hydraulic models were built at Karlsruhe and Delft (under the supervision of Prof. Jo Thijsse) soon afterwards. John Freeman is credited with reviving interest in hydraulic models in the United States, establishing a traveling fellowship in his name with the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1925 after repeated visits to the laboratory in Dresden.</p><br>
<p>The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 prompted Congress to pass the Flood Control Act of 1928, authorizing numerous Corps of Engineers projects to control flooding along the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, Freeman campaigned for a national hydraulic laboratory, which resulted in a 1928 bill sponsored by Sen. Joseph Ransdell proposing construction of a laboratory in Washington, DC under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards after gaining the ear of then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. After passing the Senate, Chief of Engineers General Edgar Jadwin testified against the proposed location before the House of Representatives, stating the laboratory should serve as a practical study of the Mississippi River, and as such, should be located on the Mississippi itself. As a result, the House deferred a decision on the national hydraulic laboratory until the following session. Jadwin&#39;s subordinates testified before the House in 1929 after visiting European hydraulic laboratories. Their testimony pointed out the differences in scale between North American rivers and European rivers would require larger models and more flexibility.</p><br>
<p>Memphis, Tennessee was proposed as the first site for a hydraulic laboratory in June 1929, but once the Mississippi River Commission headquarters were moved from St. Louis to Vicksburg in November, the hydraulic laboratory followed, with land purchased near Durden Creek on February 14, 1930.</p><br>
<p>WES&#39;s role as the first federal hydraulics research facility was to help the Mississippi River Commission develop and implement a flood control plan for the lower Mississippi Valley. The first river model, a model of the Illinois River built in the summer of 1930 to establish the backwater limit of the Mississippi, was dug in natural soil with a grapefruit knife.</p><br>
<h2>Historical organizational structure</h2><br>
<p>In 1968, hydraulic studies at WES were divided into five divisions:</p><br>
<p>Waterways, specializing in fluvial hydraulics using fixed-bed and movable-bed models</p><br>
<p>Estuaries, specializing in tidal hydraulics using fixed-bed models</p><br>
<p>Structures, specializing in dam appurtenances using scale models</p><br>
<p>Water Waves, specializing in surface wave action using fixed-bed harbor models and testing flumes</p><br>
<p>Hydraulic Analysis, specializing in the development and dissemination of hydraulic design data and procedures</p><br>
<h2>Mississippi Basin Model</h2><br>
<p>The Mississippi Basin Model was the largest single project undertaken by WES. It was initiated by then-Chief of Engineers Eugene Reybold in 1943. Construction took place from 1947 through 1966, and its scope included most of the Mississippi River and its tributaries (excluding the upper reach and the lower reach below Baton Rouge). The partially-completed model was used to create flood control strategies during the April 1952 flood on the Missouri River.</p><br>
<h2>Current mission</h2><br>
<p>Today there are over 1,200 employees, including several full-time members of the United States Armed Forces. Over 650 of these employees are engineers and scientists who work in such areas as hydraulics, oceanography, chemistry, electronics, physics, mathematics, soils, seismology, limnology, forestry, microbiology.</p><br>
<p>Research is carried out on WES in four separate, but closely interrelated laboratories: Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Environmental Laboratory, and Information Technology Laboratory.</p><br>
<p>The history of engineering is the story of men and women in their attempts to understand, control, and accommodate their environment. In 1929 the USA Army Corps of Engineers established a small hydraulics laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi, in recognition of the increasingly vital role of scientific investigation in a laboratory setting as a necessary adjunct to the age-old practice of actual hands-on observation. Discoveries emanating from the laboratory, designated as the Waterways Experiment Station, paid immediate dividends and sparked a new confidence among the nation’s engineering community to make bold advancements and challenge or affirm long-standing doctrines. This initial success broadened the Waterways Experiment Station’s activities from mere hydraulic experiments for the Mississippi River to a Corps of Engineers-wide mission encompassing diverse fields of research.</p><br>
<p>Cascade Boy Scout Camp is a camp near Durango in San Juan County, Colorado, United States that is associated with Scouting in Colorado. The lodge building, also known as Cascade Lodge or Boy Scout Lodge, was built in 1928 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is also listed on the Colorado Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The two-story lodge building is built in the shape of a cross. Constructed by local residents adjacent to the Million Dollar Highway, it was intended for use by various community organizations, including the Boy Scouts, but also including other youth groups. Located in the San Juan National Forest, the site is not now operated as a summer camp.</p><br>
<p>Sold into private hands in the 1930s, it is now a Christian retreat center.</p><br>
<p>Founded as the Scottish Rite Convalescent Home for Crippled Children, the Old Scottish Rite Hospital served indigent children, either crippled, or recovering from surgery at Piedmont Hospital or Wesley Memorial Hospital . Michael Hoke, M.D., was named the first Medical Director. The Home was originally a rented cottage in Decatur, Georgia, United States, with six beds. As the "Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children", six of its buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, Ed Roberts, while serving as a member of a train crew out of Atlanta, Georgia, was involved in a train wreck that both crushed his leg and dislocated his hip. Roberts returned to Atlanta to convalesce. Roberts contacted Forrest Adair, a friend, and fellow Masonic Lodge member.</p><br>
<p>During that same year, Michael Hoke, M.D., cured Mrs. William C. "Bertie" Wardlaws young nephew, a college student, of a serious bone infection. To honor Dr. Hoke, Wardlaw started raising money to open a crippled childrens hospital. With the aid of longtime friend and financier Forrest Adair, she approached the Scottish Rite Freemasons for their help in underwriting the proposed hospital. To honor the Masons contributions, Wardlaw added "Scottish Rite" to the facilitys name. In 1915, the hospital opened as Scottish Rite Convalescent Hospital for Crippled Children.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>The Convalescent Home soon expanded two rented cottages after funds were raised for the care of needy children by Mrs. Wardlaw and other philanthropic Atlantans (most notable Scottish Rite Masons). The facility could house 18 patients (20 if needs pressed).</p><br>
<h3>New buildings</h3><br>
<p>A new building was designed by two architects, Neel Reid and Hal Hentz, of the firm Hentz, Reid and Adler in Atlanta, Georgia. The building was completed in 1919, and could originally serve 50 patients. Along with a new facility came a new name: Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children. Until the 1930s, few drugs were available to treat crippling childhood diseases so the original hospital design reflected the emphasis then given to providing young patients with plenty of sunshine and fresh air. The Georgian Revival style buildings were designed with a southern exposure, allowing for plenty of sunshine. The ward buildings on each side of the central administration building included generous windows, including clerestory windows above the main roof-line to provide additional interior light. The buildings were sited to allow ventilation in warm weather.</p><br>
<p>The design also included light and air-filled areas for play and rest. Each ward had a glass-enclosed sun or play room. Sliding glass doors fronted each ward and originally led to screened porches. Bedridden children could be wheeled onto these porches or even onto paved terraces in front, to rest or play in the open air. When new medicines that became available to treat childhood diseases in the 1940s the importance of the screened porches was reduced. Steel casement windows have enclosed these porches since that time. Two other main buildings were added later. A service annex, built prior to World War II is a one-storied addition attached to the north side of the administration building. Nurses quarters were built following World War II to the east of the hospital in a separate building.</p><br>
<p>A 4.8 acre property with five contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as "Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children".</p><br>
<p>Another NRHP listing, also for "Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children", at the same address and with the same property area but including just one contributing building, was added in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The building and property were abandoned. The Community Center of South Decatur was incorporated in 1979 to facilitate the redevelopment of the old Scottish Rite Children&#39;s Hospital. The size of the facility, and the cost of its maintenance, led to a decline in the condition of the property owing to a lack of financial resources. In 1997, the City of Decatur began looking for a developer for the Scottish Rite property who would work to rehabilitate the historic buildings, provide new single-family housing for the neighborhood, help to enhance the Oakhurst business district, return some part of the property to the tax roles. Progressive Redevelopment Incorporated and the Housing Resource Center submitted a plan for the site: the rehabilitation and adaptive re-use of the property, including the construction of 14 new accessible apartment units for people from the Shepherd Center who have a temporary or permanent disabilities, and the introduction of new single family affordable homes.</p><br>
<p>From December 1997-March 1999, the building&#39;s east wing was rented by the West Hill Concept Union, a collective of visual and performance artists, who used it as a studio, exhibition and performance space. During that time, the building hosted 10 shows and events, including seminal performances by the Theodor Adorno Jazz Quartet.</p><br>
<h3>Modern usage</h3><br>
<p>Now the buildings are not a hospital. A full-service bar is located in the west wing. Offices are located in the main building. The east wing is leased to the Community Center of South Decatur, as is the former laundry building. The east wing is home to the Solarium, community meeting space and a rental facility for weddings and other private gatherings. The nurses quarters were sold to help finance the main building renovations, and have been converted into office space.</p><br>
<h2>Different location</h2><br>
<p>The hospital moved north of Atlanta, Georgia in the 1970s. The Scottish Rite Hospital merged with Egleston Childrens Health Care System in 1998 to create Childrens Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA). In 2006 CHoA and Grady Health System announced that an affiliate of CHoA would assume responsibility for the management of services at Hughes Spalding Children&#39;s Hospital.</p><br>
<p>The Como Roundhouse, Railroad Depot and Hotel Complex is a collection of historic buildings in Como, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The narrow gauge Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad (DSPPR) reached Como in June 1879. The year 1881 saw construction of the Como Roundhouse, and it is believed to have been built by Italian stonemasons who had settled in the Como area. The original stone section remains, preservation work was undertaken to the walls and roof in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The Depot was constructed in 1879 and soon thereafter extended to its current L shape. It has been restored for use as a seasonal museum by the Denver, South Park & Pacific Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The first Hotel on the site was the Gilman, which opened for business on New Years Eve 1880. The Gilman was extended in 1882/3 and then taken over by the Union Pacifics hotel division in 1885. They improved the building, rebuilding and extending it. In November 1896 the building burned to the ground.</p><br>
<p>Bricks salvaged from the fire and part of the foundation were used in building the existing hotel, which was called the South Park Hotel by the Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The last train through Como was in April 1937; the tracks were pulled up the following year. Track has now been relaid connecting the Depot and Roundhouse roughly 800 ft to the southeast. An operational locomotive, Klondike Kate, now resides in it.</p><br>
<p>The Central National Bank Building, also known as the Central Building, is a ten-story building located at 103 Southwest Adams Street in downtown Peoria, Illinois, United States. It was designed by the architectural firm of Daniel Burnham in 1913–1914; Burnham himself had died two years before its completion, and at the time his office was the largest architecture firm in the world. The building has a Renaissance Revival design, a popular style at the time. The design features pilasters dividing the windows on the first two floors, spandrels above the first-floor windows, and terra cotta cornice lines above the second and third floors.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland Presbyterian Church, also known as the Peoria Musicians Club or Musicians Hall, is the oldest standing church building in Peoria, Illinois, United States. The church was constructed in 1856 as the First Cumberland Presbyterian Church. It was used by various churches and a synagogue until 1913, when it was bought by the American Federation of Musicians Local 26. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 18, 1980. It is now a branch of Busey Bank.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 3, 1855, the Cumberland-Presbyterian Church was organized and a small building was built on North Monson Street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. Rev. S.T. Stewart was the preacher.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, the church was sold and became the St. Johns Episcopal Church. Rev. John Benson was the preacher.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the church was sold again to become the First German Baptist Church; the congregation later became the North Sheridan Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the building was purchased by the Agudas Achim congregation.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, it was briefly used as a YMCA training school for Black youth.</p><br>
<p>After serving as a church for three different congregations, the Musician’s Union Local 26 acquired the building in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall, also known as the Greenhut Memorial, was constructed as a memorial to American Civil War soldiers in Peoria, Illinois, United States in 1909. It was designed by Hewitt & Emerson. The Classical Revival hall was dedicated to Joseph B. Greenhut, Captain of Company K, 82nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1976, and was listed as an example of Beaux-Arts architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hall was built for a cost of in $22,000 in 1909, which included the cost of the land. It served as a meeting place for veterans of the Civil War. Greenhut personally donated $15,000, approximately two-thirds of the building&#39;s cost, allowing the hall to open without debt.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, the Grand Army of the Republic society had disbanded as members died. The building was rededicated in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The hall is available to rent for special events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is an example of Neoclassicial, Classical Revival, and Beaux-Arts architecture styles.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has 2,956 ft&sup2; and the basement has 2,702 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>"Greenhut Memorial" was carved into the stone facade by Peoria sculptor Joseph Petarde. Corinthian columns, arched windows, and limestone eagles adorn the exterior. There are six stained glass windows, including one that showcases the GAR emblem. The GAR slogan (“Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty”) is inscribed in the main ballroom. A Civil War mortar from 1862 and a pyramid of cannonballs are featured outside the building.</p><br>
<p>Artwork housed at the GAR Hall include: portraits of Greenhut and his wife, marble bust of General John Logan by Peoria sculptor Fritz Triebel, and other Civil War exhibits.</p><br>
<p>The John C. Proctor Recreation Center was constructed in Peoria, Illinois, United States in 1913. The Classical Revival center was built per the provisions of its founders will, John C. Proctor. It was designed by Hewitt & Emerson. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The building is a facility operated by the Peoria Parks District. Facilities include a swimming pool, two gymnasiums, an auditorium, outdoor basketball courts, a playground, and the African American Hall of Fame Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Judge John C. Flanagan Residence is a historic house in Peoria, Illinois, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and is currently operated as a museum by the Peoria Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was constructed for John C. Flanagan, a Philadelphia native, in 1837. The house was either part of an original 620 acre tract purchased by Flanagan&#39;s father or part of a 20 acre tract purchased by Flanagan when he came to Peoria in 1831.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in the post-Colonial or American Federal style with Italianate elements. It is constructed of local walnut timber, locally made brick, and Kickapoo Valley limestone, supplemented with lumber, lime, and glass from Chicago. Ornamental ironwork was shipped from France in 1852. It is the oldest home still standing in Peoria. In 1834, the area only had seven frame houses and about 30 log cabins. The brick mansion overlooks the Illinois River from the East Bluff and was referred to by locals as the "Mansion on the Hill" or "the Manse".</p><br>
<p>The Peoria Historical Society acquired the property in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that Abraham Lincoln was once a guest in the home during the Lincoln-Douglas debates from 1854 to 1860. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1975. It was also designated as a City of Peoria Local Historic Landmark in November 2022.</p><br>
<p>The house is now operated by the Peoria Historical Society as the John C. Flanagan House Museum, a 19th-century period historic house museum. The house also serves as the headquarters for the Peoria Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Exhibits include antique glass, china, furniture, toys, quilts, tools, and clothing.</p><br>
<p>The Judge Jacob Gale House is located at 403 N.E. Jefferson Ave., Peoria, Illinois, United States. The home was constructed for Judge Jacob Gale around 1839 or 1840. The Greek Revival house was built within the five years following the city&#39;s downtown being laid out and streets established.</p><br>
<p>A different Judge Jacob Gale House, built around 1887 at what is now 1007 N. North St., is listed as a contributing property to Peoria&#39;s West Bluff Historic District, added to the National Register in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The North Side Historic District is a Registered Historic District in Peoria, Illinois, United States. The district is located on a terrace at the bank of the Illinois River and is predominantly residential. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1983. Due to the growth of the city in the 20th century, this original North Side is now in the southeastern quadrant of the city.</p><br>
<p>There are 213 contributing properties listed on the registration. Among them are:</p><br>
<p>the Scottish Rite Cathedral at 400 NE Perry Ave.</p><br>
<p>the Peoria Diocese buildings of the former high schools Spalding Institute and Academy of Our Lady, and adjacent offices and convent in the 400 NE block of Madison St. and 400/500 blocks of Bryan St.</p><br>
<p>American Legion Post #2 at 406 NE Monroe St. (torn down by the Diocese in the late 2000s); and</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Cathedral and its diocesan chancery at 607 NE Madison St.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The old part of the city of Peoria is built on a series of two terraces. The lower terrace slopes up from the Illinois River bank to a height of 83 feet where it meets the base of the second terrace. The width of the initial terrace varies from miles to 1 miles. The second terrace encompasses a series of bluffs which rise from 75 to 100 feet above the first terrace. The North Side Historic District is located on the initial terrace, to the north of the city&#39;s central business district and is primarily residential in nature.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The North Side Historic District is roughly bounded by three Peoria city streets: NE Perry, NE Madison, and Fayette Streets.</p><br>
<p>Peace and Harvest are two 8 ft tall limestone</p><br>
<p>statues in downtown Peoria, Illinois, United States. The male and female figures represent peace and harvest respectively. The statues were sculpted by Chicagoan Mary Andersen Clark (born in 1910 and formerly of Peoria) as part of the Works Progress Administration&#39;s Federal Art Project, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The statues, created in 1938 and 1939, were dedicated on September 3, 1939, in front of the Peoria Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium, just north of the current Forest Park Nature Center, and stood at the site until the sanitarium closed in 1975. They then moved to Peoria Courthouse Plaza from 1975 to 1988, then were stored in a Peoria firehouse until 1992, causing them to briefly lose their National Register status. In June 1992, the statues were placed at their current site in front of the Becker Building at the corner of Jefferson and Main Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Street Jail , also known as the Suffolk County Jail, is an infamous former jail  located at 215 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts. It is listed in the state and national Registers of Historic Places. The Liberty Hotel, as it is now known, has retained much of its historic structure, including the famed rotunda.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The jail was proposed by Mayor Martin Brimmer in his 1843 inaugural address as a replacement for the Leverett Street Jail which had been built in 1822. Normally jails of this sort were county institutions, but, since Boston, then and now, dominates Suffolk County, Mayor Brimmer was a key player in the jail&#39;s planning and development.</p><br>
<p>The jail was constructed between 1848 and 1851 to plans by architect Gridley James Fox Bryant and the advice of prison reformer, Rev. Louis Dwight, who designed it according to the 1790s humanitarian scheme pioneered in England known as the Auburn Plan. The original jail was built in the form of a cross with four wings of Quincy granite extending from a central, octagonal rotunda with a 90 ft atrium. The wings allowed segregation of prisoners by sex and category of offense, and thirty arched windows, each 33 feet high, provided ventilation and natural light. The original jail contained 220 granite cells, each 8 x.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the jail housed a number of famous inmates including John White Webster, James Michael Curley, Malcolm X, and Sacco and Vanzetti. Suffragists imprisoned for protests when President Woodrow Wilson visited Boston in February 1919 included Josephine Collins (Framingham), Betty Connolly (West Newton), Martha Foley (Dorchester), Frances Fowler (Brookline), Nellie Gross (Mrs. J. Irving Gross, Boston), and Rosa Heinzen Roewer (Belmont). They were imprisoned for eight (8) days. Also imprisoned were World War II prisoners of war from the German submarines and. The commanding officer of the latter U-boat, who died in the jail, was the brother of Operation Paperclip rocket scientist Ernst Steinhoff.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the US District Court ruled that, because of overcrowding, the jail violated the constitutional rights of the prisoners housed there. Nonetheless, the prison did not close until 1990. On Memorial Day of that year, prisoners were moved to the new Nashua Street Jail on Nashua Street.</p><br>
<p>The former Charles Street Jail building is now owned by Massachusetts General Hospital. It was redesigned by Cambridge Seven Associates and Ann Beha Architects, and reopened in the summer of 2007 as a 300-room luxury hotel with a number of high-end bars and restaurants. The Liberty Hotel, as it is now known, has retained much of the building&#39;s historic structure, including the famed rotunda. A 16-story guest room addition during construction was designed to approximate the existing structure around it.</p><br>
<h2>Former inmates</h2><br>
<p>Elmer "Trigger" Burke - mob hit man. Escaped from the jail following his arrest for murder.</p><br>
<p>Josephine Collins - suffragist</p><br>
<p>John J. Divivo - Hijacker/murderer. Hung himself in the jail.</p><br>
<p>William M. Forgrave - temperance activist turned stock broker. Convicted of larceny. Allegedly ran a bookmaking operation in the jail during the reign of Sheriff John F. Dowd</p><br>
<p>William Monroe Trotter - civil rights activist</p><br>
<p>Shunsuke Tsurumi</p><br>
<p>The Shirley–Eustis House is a historic house located at 33 Shirley Street, Boston, Massachusetts. It is a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The house was built between 1747 and 1751 on 33 acre in Roxbury by William Shirley (1694–1771), Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and served as his summer home. The house is attributed to architect Peter Harrison, and built in part by Thomas Dawes, it is one of four remaining mansions of Royal Governors in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1763 Shirleys son-in-law Eliakim Hutchinson, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk County, and one of Bostons richest men, acquired the house from his father-in-law. Upon retirement from his post as Governor of the Bahamas in 1769, William Shirley moved in with his daughter and son-in-law and lived there until his death in 1771.</p><br>
<p>After Hutchinson died in 1775, the house was occupied by Colonel Asa Whitcomb&#39;s Massachusetts Sixth Foot Regiment, and in 1778 it was seized as Loyalist property. It then sat unoccupied until purchased in 1782, then passed through a succession of owners, including the widow of a French planter in Haiti, a real estate speculator, and the China merchant James Magee, until it was acquired by Congressman William Eustis, Secretary of War under President James Madison during the War of 1812, Ambassador to the Netherlands 1815–1818, and the first Democratic-Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1823 to 1825.</p><br>
<p>After Eustis wifes death in 1865, the estate passed to relatives who auctioned off the house&#39;s contents. In 1867 its site was subdivided in 53 lots and sold. The mansion was also sold, and moved about 60 ft to make way for Shirley Street. By 1886 the house was occupied by more than a dozen tenants; it was abandoned in 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 William Sumner Appleton, who had recently founded the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, founded the Shirley–Eustis House Association to save the house, which was then used for storage of antiquities.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, historical architect Robert G. Neiley and the Shirley Eustis House Association spearheaded the salvation of the crumbling structure. Extensive restoration, carried out by Neiley himself in collaboration with McGinley Hart & Associates, began in the 1980s, and in 1991 the house opened to the public. The restoration, which included restoring the grounds to include an orchard, period perennial beds, parterre gardens, and a large lawn, won a Boston Preservation Alliance award for the best-restored small-scale structure in the City of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House, also known as the R. B. Forbes House and Forbes House Museum , is a house museum located at 215 Adams Street, Milton, Massachusetts. It is now a National Historic Landmark, and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>This house museum displays the history of an American entrepreneurial family involved in the China Trade, primarily in opium, in the mid to late 19th century. The house was built in 1833 for Margaret Perkins, by her sons Captain Robert Bennet Forbes and John Murray Forbes, and their sisters. It was designed in an unusual Greek Revival style by Boston architect Isaiah Rogers. It is now one of two surviving examples of Rogers&#39; early domestic work.</p><br>
<p>Rogers and Captain Forbes collaborated on the design, which included nautical elements. Its interior retains many original features, including an elliptical staircase (resembling those of lighthouses) rising through three stories, leading to a cupola to view ships arriving at Boston Harbor. It has walls 18 in thick, which were originally sheathed with shiplap siding. A partial upper floor was originally illuminated by porthole windows; this was altered in the 1880s, when the roof was raised and sash windows were installed. The interior has been little altered, primarily by the addition of 20th-century conveniences, including plumbing and electricity. Interior additions (1872) include tiled fireplace surrounds in the High Victorian Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>The house was used by four Forbes family generations, until 1962. It was opened as a museum by descendant H. A. Crosby Forbes in 1964. Today it is furnished with the familys furniture, art, and American, European, and Old China Trade heirlooms. The museum also contains a large collection of Abraham Lincoln memorabilia collected by Captain Forbess granddaughter, Mary Bowditch Forbes. A replica of Lincoln&#39;s birthplace cabin was constructed on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Family members that lived in the house</h2><br>
<p>Margaret Perkins Forbes (1773–1856)</p><br>
<p>Margaret Perkins was the first resident of the Forbes House, as the residence was built for her. She was the youngest sister of 3 brothers from one of the most important and wealthiest families in Boston.</p><br>
<p>Capt. Robert Bennet Forbes (1804–1889) and John Murray Forbes (1813–1898)</p><br>
<p>These brothers were two of seven children born to Margaret Perkins and Ralph Bennet Forbes (1773–1824). Both were involved in sea voyages from young ages, and earned their living in the China trade. The brothers built this house for their mother in honor of their brother, Thomas Tunno Forbes, who died in a typhoon at the age of 26. Both lived on Adams st., but not in this house.</p><br>
<p>James Murray Forbes (1845–1937) and Alice Francis Bowditch (1848–1929)</p><br>
<p>After the deaths of Mary Perkins and her daughters, the Captain&#39;s son James and his wife occupied the House. They are responsible for many of the renovations to the house that took place in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Mary Bowditch Forbes (1878–1962)</p><br>
<p>The last person to live in this house was Mary Bowditch Forbes. She admired President Lincoln and collected many memorabilia attached to his name. She even had a replica of Lincoln&#39;s log cabin built on the property in 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Museum collection</h2><br>
<p>Items belonging to the Forbes family</p><br>
<p>Items from the China trade including porcelain, tea, and silk</p><br>
<p>Artworks from the Forbes&#39; personal collections</p><br>
<p>Stories and pictures that interpret the history of the Forbes family and Milton, Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Port Jervis, New York, serves the 12771 ZIP Code. This covers all of the city of Port Jervis and adjoining portions of the Town of Deer Park. It is located downtown, at 20 Sussex St.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Oscar Wenderoth in the early 1920s in a Colonial Revival style of brick and mortar. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. In 2007, the United States Congress enacted legislation introduced by Rep. John Hall to rename the building the E. Arthur Gray Post Office Building, after E. Arthur Gray, mayor of Port Jervis from 1978–88.</p><br>
<p>Historic Collier Heights is a historically middle-class and predominately African-American populated area in western Atlanta. It is bordered to the west by Fairburn Road, the east by Hamilton E. Holmes Drive, the north by Donald L. Hollowell Parkway, and to the south by the Interstate 20 bridge at Linkwood Road.</p><br>
<p>Collier Heights is a 1,750-home enclave with mostly brick ranch houses built in the 1950s and 1960s. It is one of the first upscale communities in the nation built exclusively by African-American planners for the emerging Atlanta African-American middle-class. It has been featured in several publications like Ebony and Jet magazines. It was featured in the "Homefinder" section of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Since 2009, the area has been listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The community achieved local historic designation in June 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Collier Heights was founded in 1948 and was sold to African Americans because the land was believed to be undesirable. It was Atlanta&#39;s largest African American suburb in the mid 20th century. By the late 20th and early 21st century, the neighborhood experienced a major decline as many middle-class Black families left for homes in southwest Atlanta or outside the city. However, since the late 2010s, it has resurged in desirability and property values.</p><br>
<p>Collier Heights has been the home of several notable African Americans including Cynthia McKinney, Emmanuel Lewis, Billy McKinney, Leroy Johnson, Jasmine Guy, Asa G. Yancey, Sr., Herman J. Russell, Martin Luther King, Sr, Donald Hollowell, Ralph David and Juanita Abernathy, Christine King Farris, Keisha Lance Bottoms, and Andre Dickens.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood organization</h2><br>
<p>Historic Collier Heights has two officially recognized community Associations which represent the citizens of the Historic District. The inaugural Association is The Collier Heights Community Association (CHCA)–which formed in 1968. The second and more popular organization is The Historic Collier Heights Community Association (Historic Collier), which is the largest neighborhood organization in Historic Collier Heights and encompasses the entire community/neighborhood. Key committees within the CHCA and the "Historic Collier" Association are the Historic Committee, which focuses on master planning for preserving the history of the community and neighborhood improvement projects.</p><br>
<p>Both associations are popular and organize festivities throughout the year like the National Night Out (a summer block party) a Christmas party, and the Historic Colliers "Salute To Legends" celebration, which pays homage to famous residents of the area. Executive committee members are voted into office for one-year terms. Elections are held in December at the Associations annual Christmas party.</p><br>
<p>The CHCA meets the 2nd Tuesday of every month at Berean Seventh-Day Adventist Church (291 Hamilton E Holmes Dr NW) at 6:30 pm. The "Historic Collier" Association meets on the 1st Thursday of every month at St. Paul of the Cross Church (551 Harwell Rd NW) at 7:00 pm. Both organizations are on Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok. The more prominent association, "Historic Collier" Association has a website,</p><br>
<h2>Awards and recognitions</h2><br>
<p>Atlanta declared September 8, 2009 as Collier Heights. Similarly, Fulton County, Georgia, declared September 16, 2009, as Collier Heights day in the county. In 2008 under community association president, attorney Antavius Weems, Collier Heights began a quest to become the first community in the nation to be registered as a historic site, listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. It is the first community in the nation built by African Americans for their fellow African Americans. On June 23, 2009, the community achieved the goal and in June 2013 it received local historic designation.</p><br>
<p>During the 2021 mayoral election cycle, it was notable that two of the top three mayoral candidates, Felicia Moore and Andre Dickens lived in Collier Heights.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Public</h3><br>
<p>Bazoline E. Usher Collier Heights Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Harper-Archer Elementary School</p><br>
<p>John Lewis Invictus Academy (6th–7th Grades)</p><br>
<p>Douglass High School</p><br>
<h3>Private</h3><br>
<p>Berean Academy; K–12; Yvonne Brown, Principal</p><br>
<p>St. Paul of the Cross Christian Academy; K–12</p><br>
<h3>Public libraries</h3><br>
<p>Atlanta–Fulton Public Library System operates the Adamsville–Collier Heights Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Besides the main arterial road, Collier Drive, other roads include Waterford Road, Hamilton E. Holmes Rd, and it borders Donald Lee Hollowell Pkwy.</p><br>
<p>MARTA serves Collier Heights with the Hamilton E. Holmes transit station, which is the system&#39;s westernmost route.</p><br>
<p>Ivy Green is a historic house museum at 300 West North Commons in Tuscumbia, Alabama, United States. Built in 1820, it was the birthplace and childhood home of Helen Keller , who became well known after overcoming deaf-blind conditions to communicate; she became an author and public speaker. Designated as a National Historic Landmark, it is now operated as a museum honoring and interpreting Keller&#39;s life.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Ivy Green is located in a residential area north of downtown Tuscumbia, on the north side of West North Commons at Keller Lane. The propertys principal features are the main house, the birthplace cottage, and the well. The main house is a -story frame structure with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has a five-bay facade, with sash windows around a roughly centered entrance. The entrance is sheltered by a gabled portico, and is framed by sidelight and transom windows. Nearby stands the birthplace cottage, a modest structure originally built as a plantation office. It was refurbished as a bridal suite for Arthur Henley Kellers second wife, who bore him Helen Keller in 1880. In between the two buildings stand the well and pump that played a key role in Helen Keller&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>The main house at Ivy Green was built in 1820 by David Keller, Helen Keller&#39;s grandfather. The well pump is where Helen Keller first achieved a communicated breakthrough with her teacher and companion, Anne Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the property was adapted as a museum dedicated to Helen Keller. A fire in 1972 caused minor damage and resulted in the donation of additional materials by the Keller family.</p><br>
<h2>The Miracle Worker</h2><br>
<p>Every summer, for over 30 years, the Helen Keller Foundation has presented outdoor performances here of William Gibson&#39;s The Miracle Worker, a play about Keller and Sullivan. The play is usually performed from early June through mid-July. It is especially popular during the Helen Keller Festival held in Tuscumbia every June.</p><br>
<p>Chickasaw Shipyard Village Historic District is a historic district comprising buildings and areas within Chickasaw, Alabama, which is a northern suburb of Mobile in Mobile County. The site is historically significant due to its role as a company town for the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard during the first half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>In addition, Chickasaw was the subject of a United States Supreme Court case, Marsh v. Alabama (1946) upholding the First Amendment rights of individuals living in privately owned towns, because the towns were operated as public places. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Chickasaw Shipyard Village</h3><br>
<p>The company town of Chickasaw was built and owned in the early 20th century by Chickasaw Shipbuilding. In addition to well-built and attractive houses, the town included amenities such as a multipurpose community center, school, health clinic, and stores) and utility services (a water purification plant, and sewage treatment plant). One exceptionally well-built building originally served as an ice house. Later it was adapted for use as offices and a hospital. Some of the streets in the town were sidewalks, necessitating use of alleys for vehicular traffic. Tennis courts and a golf course were also available in the town. When Chickasaw Shipbuilding closed its shipyard, many houses were moved or demolished.</p><br>
<p>Upon the purchase of the shipyard and town by Gulf Shipbuilding in 1940, the existing homes were repaired and modified. Additional city improvements (such as street paving) were made. The establishments included a drugstore, a grocery store, a restaurant, and post office. By 1943, Gulf Shipbuilding had leased the remaining space to other businesses.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original homes still remain in Chickasaw and form the heart of a historic district. Primarily through the efforts of Gene Ford, an architectural historian from the University of Alabama, this area was documented and data was collected about its buildings and history. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The Chickasaw Historic Preservation Society has created a driving tour featuring the highlights of the area.</p><br>
<h3>Incorporation of Chickasaw</h3><br>
<p>Early in 1946, Leedy Investment Company purchased the entire company town for one million dollars. Current occupants were given the option to purchase the homes they had been renting. Many prior residents also purchased homes and moved back to the town. The city of Chickasaw was incorporated on November 12, 1946.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Halter Marine reactivated the shipbuilding facility to provide service vessels and tugboats to the booming offshore oil industry. The resurgence was short-lived and the facility was closed again in 1983. The former shipyard now serves as a small general cargo facility.</p><br>
<p>The Music Building is an academic building of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District. A Longfellow, Alden & Harlow-designed mansion that was originally the home of the pastor of a neighboring church and former university chancellor, it also served as the home to a local chapter of the Knights of Columbus, as chemical laboratories, and as the first home of educational television station WQED and that stations original production site for Mister Rogers Neighborhood. Today it is home to the University of Pittsburghs Department of Music and the schools Theodore M. Finney Music Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original mansion was designed by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow as a sandstone Richardsonian Romanesque mansion in 1884. The mansion was commissioned by Carrie T. Holland, youngest daughter of pioneer Pittsburgh iron manufacturer James K. Moorehead, as a gift for her husband William Jacob Holland, pastor of Bellefield Presbyterian Church at Fifth and Bellefield avenues in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh. William Jacob Holland was also a nationally recognized zoologist, paleontologist, and entomologist and went on to become a trustee (1886) and then chancellor (1891–1901) of the University of Pittsburgh, then called the Western University of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Hollands house sat across the street from Hollands church, Bellefield Presbyterian, a wooden structure that was replaced by a stone Richardsonian Romanesque structure designed by Frederick J. Osterling in 1890 that matched his house. The Hollands sold their house some time before 1912. It became a Knights of Columbus club before being purchased in 1936 by Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company for laboratory operations of its subsidiary, Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation. Pittsburgh Plate Glass donated the building to the University of Pittsburgh in 1953 in order for the university to establish it as the home for the citys first educational television station, WQED. The building therefore became the original home of the Public Broadcasting Service station, and the original production site of Mister Rogers Neighborhood, before becoming the home of Pitt&#39;s music department.</p><br>
<p>A one-story addition was added presumably in the 1920s which was given a Richardsonian Romanesque stone facing, estimated to have been added in the 1950s, that matched the original house. The university&#39;s Department of Music moved into the building in 1971 from its previous quarters on the ninth floor of the Cathedral of Learning. The Music Building was renovated in 2003 which included the installation of elevators. It also houses the Music Department Library, a piano lab, the electronic music studio, the ethnomusicology lab, a student/faculty lounge, practice rooms, teaching studios, offices, seminar rooms, and classrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the Bellefield Presbyterian Church merged with and moved to the First United Presbyterian Church at Fifth and Thackeray, which adopted its name. The old church was dismantled in 1985 except for its tower, which still stands.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The Theodore M. Finney Music Library is located in the basement of the Music Building and contains a general music research collection as well as several collections of important musical materials. The library is named for the former head of the music department who donated his personal collection to the school. The library&#39;s holdings include approximately 65,000 music scores and books, 25,000 sound recordings, 1,500 microforms, and 150 journals. Collections include Early American hymnals and tunebooks, volumes of sheet music with regional significance, seventeenth and eighteenth century prints of English sacred and secular works, and music belonging to the late William Steinberg and Fidelis Zitterbart.</p><br>
<p>Allen Hall at the University of Pittsburgh is a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District. Completed in 1914 and originally serving as the home to the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, the six-story Greek Revival building designed by J. H. Giesey now serves as the home of the university&#39;s Department of Physics and Astronomy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that would become known as Allen Hall was erected as the original home for the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. The institute was founded for industrial and chemical research by brothers, and University of Pittsburgh alumni, Richard B. Mellon and Andrew W. Mellon. The institute originally grew out of university&#39;s Department of Industrial Research and served as a graduate school managed by the University of Pittsburgh until it was incorporated as an independent non-profit research institute in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The six-story building designed by J. H. Giesey in the Greek Revival style of the universitys other buildings that at the time were being constructed in accordance with Henry Hornbostels acropolis master plan for the university campus. It was erected from 1913 to 1914 at a cost of $230,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to construct and equip, and it was dedicated on February 26, 1915, in a ceremony in which the Mellon brothers turned over the keys of the institute to university Chancellor Samuel McCormick.</p><br>
<p>The facility originally contained low temperature and heavy equipment rooms in its basement; general offices, a library, assembly room, dark room and a special apparatus room on its first floor; and research laboratories on its upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The institute soon outgrew this facility and engaged in the construction of a new facility on the corner of Bellefield and Fifth Avenue across from the grounds of the universitys Cathedral of Learning. After completion of the new facility in 1937, the old Mellon Institute building was handed over to the university on May 9, 1939. It was remodeled and equipped to provide laboratories and additional classrooms for the School of Medicine, doubling that schools facilities that were then located in Pennsylvania Hall. The School of Medicines library, administrative offices, several faculty offices, histology and embryology labs, as well as its departments of physiologic chemistry, physiology and pharmacy all moved into the building, freeing Pennsylvania Hall of all but the medical schools first year courses in anatomy and pathology. The School of Medicine began moving into its present facility, Scaife Hall, in the fall of 1955. Today Allen Hall is home to offices, classrooms, and labs of the Department of Physics and Astronomy.</p><br>
<p>The building was renamed Allen Hall in honor of a former University of Pittsburgh Physics professor, Alexander J. Allen, who arrived at Pitt in the 1930s and led a project for the construction of a cyclotron for producing radioactive isotopes for medical applications and atomic research. This facility, called the Sarah Mellon Scaife Radiation Laboratory, was completed in 1946. During World War II, Allen also participated in the development of radar systems.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Allen Hall comprises six stories (a ground floor and 1st–5th floors) using granite for the lower two stories and buff brick for the next three stories; the 5th floor is windowless and concealed by the roof. Due to the buildings age and landmark status, and despite internal renovations, all floors, with the exception of the 1st (following the most recent renovation) and 3rd (due to the flying tunnel connection to NPL), have only one bathroom; the bathrooms alternate male-female, with the fifth floors being coed. This is due to a space-saving decision by the original designers that women&#39;s bathrooms were unnecessary in a science building. The building is linked on the first three floors to neighboring Old Engineering Hall, and on the 1st and 3rd to the Van de Graaff Building housing the Nuclear Physics Laboratory located at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The facade at the entrance of this building has a plaque to honor Madame Curie, commemorating the 100th anniversary in 1967 of her birth, the conferring of an honorary degree in 1921, her visit to the plants of the Standard Chemical Company, its role as a major radium producer and in the making of the gram of radium presented to Marie Curie by President Warren G. Harding, and the role of Glenn Donald Kammer, a University of Pittsburgh graduate who supervised its production. The plaque was unveiled on September 20, 1969, by the Archbishop of Kraków, Poland, Cardinal Wojtyła, who in 1978 became Pope John Paul II.</p><br>
<p>Renovations, upgrades, and improvements for Allen Hall, Old Engineering Hall, Van de Graaff Building and Thaw Hall, were carried out from 2011 to 2013, with the creation and renovation of 13 Department of Astronomy and Physics laboratories located in Allen Hall, Old Engineering Hall, and the Van de Graaff Building. To allow for major internal reconstruction, Allen hall was temporarily vacated for the 2012–2013 academic year, with residents relocated to Thaw, Old Engineering, and Thackeray Halls. The renovations were completed on schedule and Allen was reoccupied at the beginning of the 2013–2014 academic year. The most unusual result of the renovations was the installation of a double rail over the original railing in the main staircase, due to it being below regulation height.</p><br>
<p>The Robert P. Parker House is a house located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The house was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1892 and is an example of his early work. Real-estate agent Thomas H. Gale had it built and sold it to Robert P. Parker later that year. The house was designed by Wright independently while he was still employed by the firm Adler & Sullivan, run by engineer Dankmar Adler and architect, Louis Sullivan; taking outside commissions was something that Sullivan forbade. The Parker House is listed as a contributing property to a USA federally Registered Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Robert P. Parker House is one of three houses along Chicago Avenue in Oak Park which have come to be known as American architect Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s "Bootleg Houses." The Parker house is especially similar to the Thomas H. Gale House. The houses were designed on a speculative basis for Wright neighbor Walter Gale in 1892. In all, Wright designed nine "bootleg houses" moonlighting while still under contract with Sullivan. When Sullivan found out about the side projects, in late 1892 or early 1893, Wright was dismissed. The Parker House is one of four that still stand.</p><br>
<p>They were built later that same year, 1892, by real-estate agent Thomas Gale, who sold the Parker House to attorney Robert Parker.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design for the Parker House and the Thomas Gale House, and to some extent the Walter Gale House, were derived from the more expensive Emmond House in LaGrange. The homes all feature irregular roof composition with high pitches and polygonal dormers. The Parker House reflects the style of Wrights first teacher Joseph Silsbee. Sullivans influence can also be seen in the taut masses of the house, his philosophy of "geometric simplification" is evident in the Parker House&#39;s design. While generally cast in the Queen Anne style of architecture the Parker House has more ample rounded forms than the common Queen Anne homes being built at the time.</p><br>
<p>The small size is deceiving as the Parker House is spacious. The turret bays have walls that are more than half consisted of windows. The fireplace is set in the center of the house which allows it to heat and service two rooms, the parlor and the dining room. The side elevations of the Parker House are symmetrical but adjacent buildings are built too close for the design to be seen clearly.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Though small in size and adorned with inexpensive detailing, the Parker House and the Gale House are of significance because of what they reveal about Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s development as an architect. The historic district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent&#39;s Hospital was a Catholic hospital in Normandy, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>In 1858, the Sisters of Charity founded St. Vincents Sanitarium for those with nervous and mental diseases. The hospital was located on St. Vincents Lane north of St. Charles Rock Road; it is the current home of the Castle Park Apartments.</p><br>
<p>It opened in August 1858 at Ninth and Marion Streets in St. Louis with four patients and fifteen sisters.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the home relocated to St. Vincent&#39;s Lane (the current Castle Park Drive), up a hilltop from the Rock Road in St. Louis County. This massive, castle-like building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The 1930 USA Census lists 357 individuals.</p><br>
<p>The home was in part financed by the patients&#39; fees. By 1941, the home was operated by the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul for the treatment of mental and nervous disorders as well as selected cases of alcoholism and drug addiction. The home remained in existence until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The census collection consists of three record books of the St. Vincents Institution for the Insane: cash ledger, 1858–1867; contracts of obligations for patients, 1859–circa 1890; and record of doctors prescriptions for patients, 1901–1904.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas H. Gale House, or simply Thomas Gale House, is a house located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The house was designed by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1892 and is an example of his early work. The house was designed by Wright independently while he was still employed in the architecture firm of Adler & Sullivan, run by engineer Dankmar Adler and architect, Louis Sullivan; taking outside commissions was something that Sullivan forbade. The house is significant because of what it shows about Wright&#39;s early development period. The Parker House is listed as contributing property to a USA federally Registered Historic District. The house was designated an Oak Park Landmark in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas H. Gale House is one of three houses along Chicago Avenue in Oak Park, two of which belong to a group known as American architect Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s "Bootleg Houses". The Thomas Gale house is especially similar to the Robert P. Parker House. In all, Wright designed at least eight "bootleg houses" moonlighting while still under contract with Sullivan. When Sullivan found out about the side projects, in late 1892 or early 1893, Wright was dismissed. The Thomas Gale House is one of at least four which still stand; sources vary as to the exact numbers.</p><br>
<p>The three bootleg houses were part of a series of homes which had small differences but nearly identical plans. They include the aforementioned Walter Gale House and Parker House, the Francis Woolley House, also located in Oak Park, and the Robert G. Emmond House in La Grange, Illinois. Thomas H. Gale, a prominent Oak Park citizen, purchased six adjacent lots on Chicago Avenue from his father, Edwin, in 1891 when he married Laura Robeson. He selected Wright to design his home and construction began in July 1892 at a cost of US$3,000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design for the Thomas Gale House and the Parker House, and to some extent the Walter Gale House, were derived from the more expensive Emmond House in La Grange. The homes all feature irregular roof composition with high pitches and polygonal dormers. The Thomas Gale House reflects the style of Wrights first teacher Joseph Silsbee. Sullivans influence can also be seen in the taut masses of the house, his philosophy of "geometric simplification" is evident in the Parker House&#39;s design. While generally cast in the Queen Anne style, the Parker House has more ample rounded forms than the common Queen Anne homes being built at the time.</p><br>
<p>The small size is deceiving as the Thomas Gale House is spacious. The turret bays have walls that are more than half consisted of windows. The fireplace is set in the center of the house which allows it to heat and service two rooms, the parlor and the dining room. The side elevations of the Gale House are symmetrical but adjacent buildings are built too close for the design to be seen clearly.</p><br>
<p>The house is designed in a rectangular plan and is supported by a stone foundation. The exterior is clad in wooden clapboard. The building has a high-pitched, hip roof which features polygonal dormers, a brick chimney and overhanging eaves (a feature that would later become common to Wright&#39;s Prairie style). On the northeast and southeast corners of the building are polygonal towers with conical roofs. The tower windows, arranged in horizontal bands (another common Prairie element), are a mix of casement windows and fixed windows. The current front porch replaced a non-original porch with iron railings. The non-original porch is seen in illustrations in the architectural guide map published by the Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust. The front elevation also has a dormer with a pair of casement windows.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Though small in size and adorned with inexpensive detailing the Thomas Gale House, along with the Parker House, are of significance because of what they reveal about Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s development as an architect.</p><br>
<p>At first glance, the Thomas Gale House, along with the other bootleg houses, appear to devolve from the early promise of Wrights James Charnley House by including such historical styles as Colonial Revival, Queen Anne and Dutch Colonial. However, the houses illustrate Wrights burgeoning individuality as he adapted the styles to fit his own vision. The Thomas Gale and Parker Houses in particular represent a more streamlined version of the traditional Queen Anne style design. The houses incorporate rectilinear features which would later become hallmarks of Wright&#39;s fully mature Prairie design.</p><br>
<p>The George W. Furbeck House is a house located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park. The house was designed by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1897 and constructed for Chicago electrical contractor George W. Furbeck and his new bride Sue Allin Harrington. The homes interior is much as it appeared when the house was completed but the exterior has seen some alteration. The house is an important example of Frank Lloyd Wrights transitional period of the late 1890s which culminated with the birth of the first fully mature early modern Prairie style house. The Furbeck House was listed as a contributing property to a USA federal Registered Historic District in 1973 and declared a local Oak Park Landmark in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Furbecks father, Warren, purchased the future site of the George W. Furbeck House in 1892. Furbeck was working as an electrical contractor in Chicago at the time and maintained a residence with his parents. On April 9, 1897, the Oak Park Reporter announced that George Furbeck would be erecting a Frank Lloyd Wright designed home on the site his father had purchased five years earlier. The site of the Furbeck home provided George Furbeck with easy access to the Oak Park Avenue train station and thus, to his office in Chicago. On June 29, 1897, two weeks after ground was broken on his new home, Furbeck married Sue Allin Harrington of Michigan. The next day Warren Furbecks deed for the site of the George Furbeck House was transferred to his son. The George Furbeck House was completed in late 1897 or early 1898.</p><br>
<p>The home&#39;s interior has seen very little alteration and is mostly intact as Wright originally envisioned it. The exterior underwent significant alteration in 1920 when the enclosed brick front porch was built on the retaining wall that surrounded the original, smaller, open porch. The third floor dormer was also extended as well.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed at the beginning of Wrights three-year period of experimentation that resulted in the fully mature Prairie house in the early 20th century with such projects as the Arthur Heurtley House and the Frank Thomas House, both in Oak Park. It combines elements from the traditional Queen Anne style and from Wrights own Prairie style, as such the home represents a transition by Wright toward early modern style.</p><br>
<p>The homes windows are wood with wooden frames and mostly casement style, most of the first floor windows are topped with plain gray limestone lintels. Some of the casement windows feature original art glass with simple geometric designs. The art glass, which is one of Wrights earliest completely original designs of the type, features three vertical lines with simple colored borders. Beneath the first and second floor windows a continuous stone sill course wraps around the house.</p><br>
<p>The front (east) elevation is framed by two octagonal towers and the entire structure is clad in a pink-colored brick. The building&#39;s hip roof features overhanging eaves, an element common to Prairie style architecture. The entire structure rests upon a stepped, limestone water table. The main feature of the front facade, besides the octagonal towers, is the 20 ft (6.10 m) X 20 ft, one-story sun porch projecting from the building. The sun porch has a low-pitched hip roof with an eave that projects over the front door, which is centered on the porch and flanked by two pairs of casement windows. Above the sun porch, on the second floor, is a pair of art glass doors which open onto a balcony between the two octagonal towers.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The George Furbeck House is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The historic district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>As part of Wrights transitional decade of the 1890s the Furbeck House is significant as the beginning of a three-year period of experimentation by the architect which resulted in the first fully modern style residential buildings. The George Furbeck House connects Wrights early period, which included geometric Queen Anne houses such as the Robert P. Parker House, with his fully mature Prairie style which resulted in early modern homes such as the Heurtley House. Prominent features reminiscent of Wrights early work includes the octagon towers; a shape he was exploring throughout his transitional decade. The homes rectilinear massing, hip roof, casement windows and horizontal sill course all featured extensively in later Prairie style homes by Wright.</p><br>
<p>75 Murray Street, also known as the Hopkins Store, is a historic building between West Broadway and Greenwich Street in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was built in 1857-58 and features a cast-iron facade in the Venetian Renaissance style from the foundry of James Bogardus,</p><br>
<p>The original tenants were Francis and John Hopkins, who had a glassware business. Beginning c.1920 the building was the location of Knickerbocker Annunciator, a supplier of elevator traveling cable, electronic cable, and annunciators.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted to mixed commercial and residential use in 1994–95, at which time it was restored. It is currently called the Bogardus Mansion and used for events and musical performances.</p><br>
